The Notions of The Human Resource Management Free Essay Example, 2000 words

This is also called a multiple feedback approach for conducting a performance appraisal. Several past research has shown that 360-degree method of evaluation is an accurate, reliable and authentic source of information. In this method, the supervisors, subordinates, peers, customers are included to assess the performance of an employee. Considering the organizational culture and the mission of the company, the management would be able to gather diverse information related to the performance of the employee. In any organization, no policy would create enough uproar, like the change in the feedback system, would do. The 360-degree system of employee assessment is a positive addition to the performance appraisal system of the company only when a healthy feedback session is conducted by keeping in mind the mission, vision, and objectives of the company and the performance of the employee compared to the benchmark. It must have a specific purpose; just starting 360-degree system of appra isal because other companies have also implemented it would be a wrong choice. The employee should be allowed to fill his/ her own assessment form so as to list down his achievements, assure the employees of its anonymity, verify that the data received is genuine and compile the reports accordingly 1997, p. We will write a custom essay sample on The Notions of The Human Resource Management or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Due to increasing responsibility for the new activities in organizations these days, the roles and the responsibilities of the Human Resource (HR) managers have been redefined in the companies. This is because the new strategic planning framework in the companies has included several additional functions in the companies. Much research has been conducted to identify the exact functions of the HR professional in the strategic planning framework. Three specific roles of HR professionals have been identified keeping in mind the benefits that it would be delivered to the stakeholders of the company.

Magical Realism As A Sense Of Psychological Mystery And...

Magical realism, at its very root, has always involved a sense of psychological mystery and wonder; partly due to its intended audience, which may range from mere children to adults seeking a sense of spirituality or morality through verbatim. Psychology involves in particular the study of cognitive occurrences and processes. Magical realism can broadly be defined as a typically mundane novel injected with â€Å"the other,† which is something extraordinary or unbelievable. With the outlandish schemes and characters made familiar but at the same time exotic, one cannot help but be drawn into this genre of literature. A man by the name of Massimo Bontempelli, who was an Italian magic realist creative writer, sought to create a â€Å"collective consciousness† by changing readers’ perspectives of reality through his writing. Bontempelli simply attempted to establish a connection to psychological devices solely through his work; he was known for his surrealism, futuri sm, and for devising much of the theoretical structure behind magical realism as a whole. One way in which Bontempelli evoked such strong psychological points and cues in his works was through his passion for fascism. While this driving force also caused the writer many problems and struggles, especially when he tried to run for Senate, its effects can be seen heavily in his literary display of the landscapes and laypeople of Italy (â€Å"Magic Realism and Real Politics†). Bontempelli’s â€Å"The Faithful Lover† won the Strega PrizeShow MoreRelatedEssay on Like water for chocolate6961 Words   |  28 PagesLike Water for Chocolate ~Laura Esquivel~ Ms. Diamond Name_________________________________ Magical Realism At about the middle of the 19th century (when scientific objectivity became â€Å"vogue†), the influence of many social forces caused aesthetic taste to change from romantic idealism to realism. Many writers felt that romantics—with their focus on the spiritual, the abstract, and the ideal—were being dishonest about life as it really was. The realists felt they had an ethical responsibilityRead MoreEssay on The Importance of Loss in Scott Fitzgeralds Winter Dreams3462 Words   |  14 Pagesacutely. However, loss itself, is essential to the equation and is, in fact, a large portion of what establishes the thing as desirable.    In the texts of traditional Romanticism the individual has preeminence, and his or her subjective psychological experience with the loss in question is the major concern. The realization that Romantic subjects drama plays itself out against the backdrop of a system in which the value of a thing is directly proportionate to its scarcity, is the firstRead MoreAn Analysis of H.G. Wells’ Short Stories â€Å"Mr Skelmersdale in Fairyland†, â€Å"the Door in the Wall† and â€Å"a Dream of Armageddon†14742 Words   |  59 Pagesâ€Å"The Door in the Wall† and â€Å"A Dream of Armageddon† and what these critics mostly consider is the person H.G. Wells; his political views as well as his personal life, and how this appears in the stories. Some of these interpretations also suggest psychological, mostly psychoanalytical, readings of the texts, something that has been taken into account in this essay but not to any great extent. More than anything, these critics make superficial comments on the stories, and not much more. For â€Å"Mr SkelmersdaleRead MoreKhasak14018 Words   |  57 Pageswere his oyster. Vijayan was chronicling a period wrecked by violent upheavals and made absurd by farcical political gains. He reflected the incomprehensibility and futility with an outward silence and an inward alertness all through. He created a magical Malabar in his works. â€Å"I have always felt that there are two kinds of writers: those who reflect the real world with its space and life and those who create a parallel world with its own space and life. Vijayan belonged to the second genre†, observedRead MoreChildrens Literature13219 Words   |  53 PagesGreek and Roman Eras: 50 B.C.-A.D. 500 The Greeks and Romans treated children as creatures to be trained for adult life and, consequently, the classical literature for the most part really had nothing that could be considered a children’s book in the sense of a book written to give pleasure to a child. Because there were very few works composed for children, children borrowed from stories they enjoyed listening to such as the Iliad, the Odyssey, and Aesop’s Fables. Plato specifically mentions children’sRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagestranslated by language and speech, although this is not an ideal solution. Dà ©couper, translated by Taylor in a number of ways (break up, break down analysis, etc.), would more easily be translated by segmenting when used in the linguistic sense, and by dà ©coupage when used to describe the final stage of a shooting script. Michael Taylor also coined the expression mirror construction to translate construction en abà ®me, to describe embedded narrative structures like a film within a film. ThisRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesJournal, Journal of Applied Psychology, European Journal of Personality, and European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. Fellowship: Dr. Judge is a fellow of the American Psychological Association, the Academy of Management, the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, and the American Psychological Society. Awards: In 1995, Dr. Judge received the Ernest J. McCormick Award for Distinguished Early Career Contributions from the Society for Industrial and Organizational PsychologyRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesassumptions of symbolic interactionism Strengths and weaknesses of the symbolic interactionist understanding of organizations Phenomenology reaches the emotions Ethnomethodology: understanding organizational ‘common sense’ Organizational symbolism The ways in which individuals develop a sense of self in organizations 282 282 284 286 287 288 288 293 294 298 300 301 . Contents xi The self as dramatic artful creation Negotiating the way between the self and the organization’s rules DevelopingRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesbusinesses recognize that information technology generates its full economic power only when the effectiveness of that technological capability is combined with the effectiveness of a company’s customer and business leadership capability and the realism of its marketing and financial discipline. That also has been one of the primary messages of the selective winners (and the many losers) in the e-business and e-commerce markets and of the continuing drive of successful companies from Amazon to E-BayRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesthe era as a whole—the advance and retreat of the process of globa lization. 8 †¢ INTRODUCTION Exploring the forces that explain this dynamic not only helps to explain some of the apparent paradoxes that bedevil those who aspire to make sense of the history of planet Earth over a span of more than a hundred years but also provides the basis for maintaining a semblance of continuity despite the genuinely cataclysmic break points that obscure the century’s fundamental unity. CH APTER

Computer Capstone Project Assignment

Questions: 1. Write a proposal on Test Automation using Selenium 2. Write an Analysis of STRATEGIC Context on Test Automation. 3. Write on Recommendations, Issues while doing Capstone project. Answers: 1. Test Automation using Selenium proposal Test automation may be defined as the appropriate use of software. In respect to the automation method it could be said that the software makes use of the set of methods and techniques that is to be used in the test precondition. In other case it is used to control the test execution. This helps in gaining the knowledge and the then to the comparison that is drawn in between the predicted outcome and the actual outcomes. Finally it reaches to the concluded status of the execution. Test automation technique is used to automate a process that already manually exists. In case of frequent testing method there is use of regression testing (Deans, 2009). Apart from this there is need of repeated execution of the test case along with the test acceptance of the users. The feedback that is important is from the developers to receive the feedback at a faster rate. As this is the use of the software the most important factor is to reduce the effort that is included by the humans. The same test can be carried out in different scenario with the help of the software. The best test automation tools that can be used may be a number of ones like the ones that has been created by giant companies like HP, IBM, Borland along with open source tools as well (Alshayeb, 2009). Test automation can be supported with the help of a tool like Selenium. Selenium is used to for the purpose of testing any of the web application the use of the same is flexible without the options like that of locating elements and also for the comparison. The comparison in this case is drawn in between the actual behavior of the application and that of the test results that has been received (Chavarriaga Maca, 2009). Deelstra et al. (2009) opines the major features of Selenium may be that of the test that is allowed through the method of cross browser. This test can be used at the same time to a number of browsers. The scripting option is allowed in languages like that of C#, Python, PHP and Java. Apart from this there are major assertion statements that help in comparing the perceived rusilut with that of the actual. This software also has the feature of inbuilt reporting. Itoi (2009) put forward the major components that can be received from the Selenium may be Selenium remote control, Selenium IDE and the Selenium grid. The IDE is the one that may be used for the integration of the different surroundings on which the test is to be carried out. In case of IDE the Firefox acts as the extension which helps in edit, record and replay. There may be different formats that could be used in case of dealing with the saving like that of Html, ruby scripts, java or any other format. Assertion could be ad ded based on the same along with statements whenever required (Feng, 2009). The installation process of the selenium IDE is easy and feasible and could be used at any place and at any point of time. Being an open source project which is the motto of the company it is to make it the usual open source software for proprietary. The most important feature that is attached to the present one is that selenium is good with GUI. Erdogmus (2009) mentions it is easy to track the projects wherever required to make it easy and to help in continuing with the selenium tests that is even linked to Wiki. The integration process of selenium and FitNesse was done even after facing certain problems that the company was facing for the coordination of Wiki by the team. The integration process is done by the cruise control along with Cobertura. However, Galinac (2009) argues it may be said that selenium cannot be the one that can be used as the ultimate solution. It has helped in getting the satisfaction of the customer to some extent. The regression value that was gained helped in getting the comfort to the team. The better part of the software is that it is the relatively easy in dealing with the UI test and to automate the web. Apart from this there are regression tests that is recorded or relayed (Ingram, 2009). The integration process is important and deals with the method with the most effective output. Besides the loopholes that were faced by the team members there have been certain advantageous changes that have been incorporated by the team to make the software much better along with the usefulness of the same (Hibbs et al. 2009). 2. Analysis of strategic context on Test Automation The strategies that are major and are used in case of test automation may include the using of the software tools that is necessary to control and understand a particular situation. Jadhav Sonar (2009) refers the preconditions in such cases have to be determined. The execution of the tests in such cases has to be particular and there has to be the comparison. The comparing attributes being the actual outcome and prescribed outcome. Automate testing is the method that is used in getting the efficiency and the enhancement of a software. The test automation helps in understanding the methods and the motives to improve the software (Leckie Buschman 2009). The main problem or the setback that is faced any of the software producing team or company is that of poor strategy, poor effort in the generation of the test case, test delay and the final maintenance of tests. The development process of the software could be analyzed with the help of the automation process (Kandt, 2009). The test that is to be carried out is such that most of the software is effective and maintains their longevity. Li et al. (2009) opines in case of the understanding and the method of work of the software it is seen that most of the changes are brought about to make the improvement as per the perceived quality and environment. In case of both the manual and the automated system the progress of the software depends on modification. It is in this regard, that it may be said that the in case of the automation test it is the most unrealistic method that may come across. In case of deciding the test it is important to note the fact that the relationship that is in between the value and the effort is to be analyzed (Lewell, 2009). The test cases that include high value and the use of less effort are to be automated. Test cases with moderate or low effort it is to be understood with the method of automation of the project. Automated regression tests help in getting the best searched result and to ensure the stability that is required by the software. It is though this method that better quality is to be analyzed with the quick testing of the software. This helps in optimization of the efficiency, speed, quality and then helps in decreasing the cost with the help of quick test. Peter (2009) in of the opinion in case of manual testing there may be major problem with the errors that is important in dealing. The test automation system is useful so that the problems and the errors that may be faced could be helpful in dealing the system. The software could be updated in such method and improved. In case of test scenarios the test scenarios could be helpful and relevant. There are certain tests that may be time consuming and could not be done or run at the same time (Pendharkar Rodger 2009). In case of the automated method there the problem relating to the same is less, it is error free at the same time the there could be a number of software that could be run at the same time. In case of the test coverage, it may be said that the same is increased with the help of automated system. Liu (2009) indicates there may be regression test that may be used with the debugging or the software development. The software is tested on different scenarios and to know about th e different conditions that may be needed. This makes the software a multi choice so that most of the work is developed as per the specific requirement of the software that may vary from one condition to another. The data driven testing is another method that could be used in the automated technique that helps in creating similar actions but with the use of different inputs (Man et al. 2009). In this regard it is important to denote the fact that there are certain benefits that may be drawn with the strategy which includes the increased confidence of the team that has built up the software. Apart from this there is greater test coverage that is to be ensured along with the analysis of reduced costs. It is important in this regard that most of the automated methods have to be effective that the manual ones as the labor and the time that is consumed have to be effective (Mahadevan et al. 2009). 3. Recommendations Rech and Bunse (2009) indicate the major problem that has been found in the case is that there are certain issues that have been faced. The major issues were that most the advantages that were found in the technological use and the use of the software received only after much of study (Rashid Ossher, 2009). Apart from this the information related to the same were found through secondary data collection methods like that of books, journals and the websites. In such case there was a rigorous study that was carried on so that most of the information could be derived. In such case it was time consuming as the study and the conclusion were drawn from the study and the method of understanding the same (Schiel, 2009). In case of the understanding of the same there were various attributes that was drawn from the complete understanding of the project and the detail understanding of the difference between the automated method of analyzing and the manual method of the same (Stober and Hansmann 2010). It was derived from the same that there were a number of methods that were used to differentiate between the usefulness of the two methods. The issues that were faced in the same could be mentioned to be the trouble to collect the information and to understand the specific techniques of the automated method the manual method (Si, 2009). Wohlin (2009) is of the opinion it may be recommended that after carrying the study it was clear that automated method is far better to understand the loopholes of any software (Wang, 2009). In such case it is necessary for any of the team to try out the automated technique so that all the positive aspects could be utilized to the most (Vanoverberghe and Piessens, 2009). The time required to understand the issue of the software is far less than that of the manual method. In automated method the process is error free and the software could be run ample number of times (Testa, 2009). This helps in creating the perfect software that has been tried by the team. This enhances the prospect of the software in the market and gains the competitive advantages in the modern day technology. However, it may also be said that there could be changes and amendments that could be made based on the issues that has been found in the software. The software that is the major problem in the modern day tec hnology is made flexible by reducing the complexities to the maximum level possible. The various methods that could be incorporated with the automated method are at par with the need of the present day and this would enhance the benefits of the software. References Alshayeb, M. (2009). Empirical investigation of refactoring effect on software quality. Information and Software Technology, 51(9), pp.1319-1326. Chavarriaga, E. Maca-as, J. (2009). A model-driven approach to building modern Semantic Web-Based User Interfaces. Advances in Engineering Software, 40(12), pp.1329-1334. Deans, P. (2009). Social software and Web 2.0 technology trends. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference. Deelstra, S., Sinnema, M. Bosch, J. (2009). Variability assessment in software product families. Information and Software Technology, 51(1), pp.195-218. Erdogmus, H. (2009). Diversity and Software Development. IEEE Softw., 26(3), pp.2-4. Feng, Y. (2009). Finding flows in software development. SIGSOFT Softw. Eng. Notes, 34(6), p.1. Galinac, T. (2009). Empirical evaluation of selected best practices in implementation of software process improvement. Information and Software Technology, 51(9), pp.1351-1364. Hibbs, C., Jewett, S. and Sullivan, M. (2009). The art of lean software development. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. Ingram, D. (2009). Design-build-run. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley Pub. Itoi, M. (2009). Engineering play. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Jadhav, A. Sonar, R. (2009). Evaluating and selecting software packages: A review. Information and Software Technology, 51(3), pp.555-563. Kandt, R. (2009). Experiences in Improving Flight Software Development Processes. IEEE Softw., 26(3), pp.58-64. Leckie, G. Buschman, J. (2009). Information technology in librarianship. Westport, Conn.: Libraries Unlimited. Lewell, J. (2009). The digital photographer's software guide. Boston: Course Technology. Li, J., Li, L., Dong, Z. Song, D. (2009). An Automatic Posture Planning Software of Arc Robot Based on SolidWorks API. Modern Applied Science, 3(7). Liu, S. (2009). Integrating top-down and scenario-based methods for constructing software specifications. Information and Software Technology, 51(11), pp.1565-1572. Mahadevan, V., Zhou, J. and Ng, A. (2009). Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Software Technology and Engineering. Singapore: World Scientific. Man, J., Wen, Z., Li, C. Wen, X. (2009). Research on Running Time Behavior Analyzing and Trend Predicting of Modern Distributed Software. JCP, 4(8). Pendharkar, P. Rodger, J. (2009). The relationship between software development team size and software development cost. Commun. ACM, 52(1), p.141. Peter, K. (2009). FEATUREThe value of visual design in software development. interactions, 16(1), p.66. Qian, K., Den Haring, D. Cao, L. (2009). Embedded software development with C. New York: Springer. Rashid, A. Ossher, H. (2009). Transactions on aspect-oriented software development V. Berlin: Springer. Rech, J. Bunse, C. (2009). Model-driven software development. Hershey: Information Science Reference. Schiel, J. (2009). Enterprise-Scale Agile Software Development. Hoboken: CRC Press. Si leizak, D. (2009). Advances in software engineering. Berlin: Springer. Software engineering for modern Web applications: methodologies and technologies. (2009). Choice Reviews Online, 46(05), pp.46-2710-46-2710. Stober, T. Hansmann, U. (2010). Agile software development. Heidelberg: Springer. Testa, L. (2009). Growing software. San Francisco: No Starch Press. Vanoverberghe, D. Piessens, F. (2009). Security enforcement aware software development. Information and Software Technology, 51(7), pp.1172-1185. Wang, Q. (2009). Trustworthy software development processes. Berlin: Springer. Wohlin, C. (2009). An analysis of the most cited articles in software engineering journals 2002. Information and Software Technology, 51(1), pp.2-6.

Personal Jurisdiction of a Court

Personal jurisdiction stands for the court’s authority over individuals to a court case. If a court has personal jurisdiction over a party to a lawsuit, it can pass judgments that affect the person directly. Otherwise, the court can only exercise its powers to a level that the state powers give it. In other terms, personal jurisdiction refers to the capacity of the court to pass a verdict against an individual over a particular dispute.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Personal Jurisdiction of a Court specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personal jurisdiction allows courts to make judgment even if one of the parties affected by the judgment does not reside in the state or is absent during the judgment. According to Nebraska Long-arm Statute, any court in the state has the right to exercise personal jurisdiction over any person who directly, or through the help of agents, carries out any business transactio n in the state. For personal jurisdiction to hold, the defendant has to be ‘really at home.’ Personal jurisdiction can only be applicable if an individual has direct contacts with the state where an action is filed. Software.com does not have direct contact with Nebraska. The company does not have any subsidiary in the state and only sells its products in Nebraska through the internet. Consequently, it is hard for Nebraska courts to exercise personal jurisdiction over Software.com. Products from a company in a different state may reach a different jurisdiction in the process of trading. Nevertheless, this does not imply that the respective company has minimum contact with that jurisdiction. The same case applies to Software.com. The fact that its products reach the Nebraska state does not mean that the company has minimum contact with the state. Consequently, it is hard for the courts in the state to exercise personal jurisdiction over the company. This case study on Personal Jurisdiction of a Court was written and submitted by user Sebastian Berg to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

bring it on essays

bring it on essays Exergia is an independent firm of consultants operating internationally in the fields of energy and environment. It is a member of SESMA, the Hellenic Association of Management Consulting Companies (the Greek branch of FEACO). The company, founded in 1991, maintains a rapid growth rate through expansion of its client base and development of its activities. Exergia's philosophy is to work in partnership with the client to provide consultancy, outsourcing services and cost-effective solutions through an integrated approach. The company embraces new skills, legitimate aspirations and well-founded applied knowledge to form a coherent work-team operating in harmony with the company's spirit and completing projects on time and within budget. The Company's approach to the client needs is characterized by clear understanding of its requirements, mutual commitment and trust, in-depth capability to present and evaluate alternatives and delivery of substantiated final results. A client-oriented organizational structure has been established enabling the provision of energy and environment-related consulting and outsourcing services to various categories of clients, such as: Administration, Industry, Utilities, and Buildings. Moreover, proven expertise in and Management, Information Technology and Training underpin our interdisciplinary integrated approach. Its orientation is to maintain a leading position in the Greek market for energy and environment, as well as to expand its activities in new emerging foreign markets. A long track of records, of successful international assignments, with a focus on the emerging markets of Central and Eastern Europe, the New Independent States and the Mediterranean, have been developed. Even though Exergia, is not widely known in the management consulting market, is amongst the most reputed companies in the fields of energy and environment, mainly due to the fact that it mo ...

How to prepare your kids for career success

How to prepare your kids for career success If you’re a parent, chances are you spend a great deal of time worried about your kids. You do your best to ensure that they grow up happy and healthy, prepared for the world around them, and well positioned to achieve fulfillment and success in life. The truth is, some of what will happen to your kids in their lives will be out of their control- and your control as well. That said, as a parent, there is plenty you can do to help set them up for their best shot at success. Use the following tips to help guide your kids along the right path.Build a learning partnership.When it comes to the job of educating your children, the truth is that it’s best envisioned as a collaboration- a partnership of sorts- between you and your child’s teachers. Make time to work closely together with them to ensure that your child’s needs are met and that they are getting the most out of their educational experiences. Get involved and stay involved in their educational developm ent.Make learning a lifelong pursuit.Learning should not begin and end in the classroom; it’s a lifelong journey, and those who learn early in life that we are constantly surrounded by opportunities to learn and grow are best positioned for success. Create an environment in which your child can develop a love of learning and a fascination with the world.Encourage their passions.The most successful and fulfilled people in life aren’t necessarily the ones who make the most money. Rather, they are often those who have discovered the things in life that they are truly interested in and passionate about and have found a way to make it a significant part of their life- either as a profession or a hobby. Encourage your children early on to explore the world around them and find something that truly excites them, and then support and encourage them to follow their passions.Instill the value of lifelong friendships.Building strong social bonds early in life can be invaluable. H elp your child recognize the value of building and cultivating solid friendships early in life. It will help them recognize the importance of having a strong network of support- to find new opportunities, face obstacles, overcome challenges, and make the most out of life.Dare to fail.Too often in life, we avoid trying something new- and potentially wonderful- for fear that we won’t be good at it, or worse, that we’ll completely fail at it. This can be a great way to completely miss out on success and happiness in life. Instead, teach your children that it’s okay to fail, that life is a learning process full of trial and error, and that the only way to know what they’re truly capable of is to test their limits, step outside of their comfort zones, and be all right with the notion of potential failure.Face the future.Many people are really good at putting things off that they don’t want to confront- sometimes until it’s too late. Like it or no t, the future is coming for all of us, and those who plan for it as early as possible are most likely to be prepared for a variety of outcomes and develop a winning strategy for success.Although we can’t guarantee success for our children, as parents we want to make our best effort to help our children have successful futures. Use the tips here to guide your kids as they learn, mature, and grow, and you’ll be setting them up well for achieving their goals in life. Good luck!

Induced Theraputic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest Research Paper

Induced Theraputic Hypothermia after Cardiac Arrest - Research Paper Example This technique involves cooling of a patient to about 32 to 34 degrees Centigrade. Although introduced in 1950’s, it was abandoned due to certain difficulties however it was re-introduced in 1980’s after animal studies. After some successful studies, it is now approved by American Heart Association and is a part of their updated resuscitation standards. Given below is an insight into the steps involved, side effects and possible prognosis of induced therapeutic hypothermia. Therapeutic hypothermia is also known as ‘targeted temperature management’. Michelle E. (2011) has discussed in detail about the induction of therapeutic hypothermia and its outcomes in patients undergoing open cardiac surgery. She defines the therapeutic hypothermia as a ‘deliberate reduction of the core body temperature’ typically to a range of about 32 to 34 degrees Centigrade (89.6 to 93. 2). This is especially true for those patients who are unable to regain consciousness as the blood starts to circulate again following a cardiac arrest. During an open heart surgery, there is significant risk of neurological injury on account of the lack of oxygen supply to brain as the circulation comes to a halt. In the absence of oxygen, the brain undergoes anaerobic metabolism as reported by Michelle E. (2011). This leads to damage to ATP dependent cellular functions with a resulting increase in calcium and glutamate excretion. The brain cells thus become more active, consuming more oxygen. With the increasing hypoxemia, further damage occurs leading to cell death. The resultant cerebral edema further enhances the damage. Also, as a result of all these processes, the blood brain barrier also becomes ineffective further contributing to cerebral edema As soon as the circulation returns after the heart starts pumping again, reperfusion injury occurs which adds up to the ongoing damage. Meanwhile, there is already an onset of the inflammatory reaction as a result of

Speech article 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Speech article 2 - Essay Example In the speech, Taiwan’s president, Ma expresses his firm support for the pro-democracy movement in Hong Kong and the need for reforms to let Hong Kong go democratic. Nearly a month ago, Hong Kong residents led by Hong Kong Federation of Students went to the street to protest the National People’s Congress decision on proposed reforms, which denied civil nominations. The movement termed Occupy Central demand the liberty to elect the next local head of their government. The movement calls for a democratic and direct chance to elect the Chief Executive of Hong Kong without Beijing’s interference. Ma states that China should take the recent occurrences as an opportunity rather than a problem and facilitate a democratic transition in Hong Kong. Further, he also advised China that as a step towards achieving constitutional democracy, the country should start by letting Hong Kong go democratic. In addition, Ma suggests that with the rapidly developing economy, China is becoming a more prosperous society, and consequently, the number of wealthy people is increasing. As the wealth increases people tend to desire a more affluent lifestyle, as well as greater rule of law and more democracy. Therefore, for China, it seems there is no way out, but to give Hong Kong autonomy because eventually, the heat will be too much to bear and they will give in to the demands. Moreover, Ma clarifies that contrary to the popular belief, the need for democracy is not a strategy of the Western countries: he says, â€Å"Such a desire has never been a monopoly of the West, but it is the right of all humankind† (Ying-jeou 1). Such sentiments from the president of Taiwan in favor of freedom are very relevant to the current situation because the state is also ethically Chinese as Hong Kong. Though Taiwan has been under self-rule since 1940s, the mainland China still claims sovereignty over it and vows to take control over it one day even if it means by force. Moreover, Taiwan was

Individual human identity Essay Example for Free

Individual human identity Essay It also means that importance of social class decreasing, but instead of class the role of status increased rapidly. For instance to show status people buy expensive cars and exclusive clothes. Differences in social classes could influence personal identity, because identity related to social groups to which the identity belongs, for example nationality, culture, ethnicity, sexuality, gender and class. First of all identity is a sense of self that develops as the child differentiates from parents and family and take a place in society (Jary and Jary, 1991:p665). Identity also formed through some combinations of individual choice and structured group membership (for example in Arab countries Muslim women can`t drive the car). In additional, people could express their aspects of identity in a different way. For example clothing, which clothes choose to wear to show gender, post modernism or class; language, which words to use when people speak with fiends to show class, educational background and gender. It is goes without saying that even though class no longer exists, but we could easily identify person`s class, status and possessions from their clothing and way of behaving. The principle of the identity is closely linked to the idea of culture. As I have already mentioned identities could also be formed through the cultures to which people belong to. Culture is the language, beliefs, values and norms, customs, dress, diet, roles, knowledge and skills which make up the way of life of an individual society (Ralph Linton, 1945). For example norms and diet, in the UK at 17 o`clock most people have their couple of tea. Culture includes teaching and learning such process like socialization. We gain our identity through socialisation. Socialisation is the process by which we, as individuals, become members of our society or culture. We are also active participants in this process we decide what to accept or reject. Process of learning culture or socialization includes family, school, peer, media and religion. For example: family, your parents give you name, first beliefs and tastes; school, teaches person rules and gives knowledge; religion, teach people to appreciate some values; peers, teach person how to socialize; media, gives people ideas about gender, status and class. Modern sociologists also think that being of a different class may involve differences in culture, economic circumstances, educational status, dietary preferences, housing conditions, property ownership and power. For example, differences in culture, people who are from middle and upper middle class in free time visit museums and theatres, whereas working class visits pubs. One of the important factors in peoples culture and identity is social mobility, the ability to move from one class to another. For example, moving from the working to the middle class. Nowadays class, gender, sex, race and kinship have less influence on human identity. It is becoming more important human`s talent, knowledge, ambition and hard working abilities for achieving a good position in the class system. World sociology has changed greatly, beginning of the XXI centuries gave to the UK a lot of new. New national socio economic classifying statistics (NS SEC), which replaced Registrar Generals classification. New sociologists have another view on dividing society into social classes. For instance class has been defined consisted of eight major classes. The first four is middle class, which include higher managerial and professional occupations, lower, intermediate occupations, small employers and own account workers. The other four is manual workers, including lower supervisory and technical, semi routine occupations, routine occupations and never worked people. A big and new tendency had happened in modern Britain: the number of manual workers declines year by year. If for example in 1911 a percentage of manual workers was about 81%, in the year 2000 this percentage twice declined and become about 40% of total workforce. This become possible first of all because of developing new technologies: technique makes most manual work. Secondly because of changing of economical situation such as increasing life standards and education system. Traditionally social classes have been the main concept for understanding society, its behaviour or social conflicts, and predict the main movements of social behavior. Today`s sociologists in developed countries see classes like a historical phenomenon. The same view on social classes has Pakulski and Waters. They thought that class is no longer important factor in a human identity. According to Pakulski, we could pick out four main features such as cultuaralism, fragmentation, autonomization and resignification. For instance autonomization, which means that today`s people are not told what to do, they do what makes sense to them. For example, British working class is less likely to vote for the British Labour Party than it once was. To sum up, in this essay we discussed the different aspects of inequalities; we have seen that the UK is one of the most unequal societies. Inequalities of wealth, which means that one tenth of the UK population owns more than seventy percent of total wealth. Inequalities of income are significant, but welfare policy of the government such as taxation does have a huge effect in reducing the incomes between rich and poor. Finally, because of the government policy and developing new technologies, class has lost its power in the collective sense, however class would still remain fundamental to culture and human.

Effects of MTV Essay -- essays research papers

The negative effects of MTV on our society and culture What do you think about when you hear the word MTV? Carson Daily counting down the top ten on Total Request Live? Bam Margera doing insane stunts on his new show BAM? How about The Wild Boys chasing alligators and poisonous snakes? MTV has revolutionized and affected the whole world through its negative influence on society and culture. MTV has in many ways corrupted our youths and American culture with shows such as Jackass, with their dangerous acts of stupid ness, and Marilyn Manson encouraging suicide and murder. One can say MTV is promoting violence. MTV has grown to be a major component in the music industry and its change from video based programming in the past to the television series focused on today has had some major ef...

Impact of Library on Students Achievement

â€Å"THE IMPACT OF LIBRARIES ON STUDENT’S ACHIEVEMENT† Presented to the Faculty of the Department of management sciences IQRA University Gulshan Campus In the fulfillment of the course â€Å"Writing Research Report† BBA Morning Program Submitted to: Dr. Imran Khan By: Faiza Salam (6067) Spring (2013) Table of Contents: Abstract 1. 0 Introduction: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 1 Background to the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 2 Statement of problem: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 3 Objective of the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 4 Research Questions: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. Significance of the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 6 Limitations and delimitation of the study: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 7 Review of related literature: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 8 Research Methodology: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 9 Sampling Technique: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1. 10 Research Instruments: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 11 Instrument’s Reliability: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 12 Ethical consideration: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 13 Research Procedure: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 14 Data Analysis and Statistical Tools: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 5 Findings: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 16 Discussion: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 17 Recommendations based on findings: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦. 1. 18 Recommendations for future findings: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1. 19 Conclusion: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ References Appendices The Impact of Library on Student’s Achievement Abstract Keywords: library, study, information, facilities, computers, achievement, students 1. 0 Introduction: This research is about â€Å"The impact of library on student’s achievement†.Today libraries are essential for the school, colleges, and universities because it has more impact on the student’s achievement. Now students are showing more willingness to collecting more information which is helpful or useful for the students in their achievement. In this way or providing more libraries in the institutions is also enhancing the students and teachers. By, getting more valid info rmation related to a subject which helps the students to be more confident about their works. In this public can spend more time in getting knowledge.In library, there are sufficient books, magazines, CD’s which are very supportive in collecting information and computers in library are very essential part of library because of as per need and requirement of the students. 1. 1 Background to the study: It has been said that books are the friends of a person. They provide to the reader with in insight knowledge and polishes his being. This research study is providing an overview or evidence that how libraries support student’s learning and findings based on the quantitative students survey responses. Historically, public libraries have a strong tradition in Anglo-American societies.Libraries were first introduced in North American societies. And now libraries are the essential part of any society or any institute. Todd and kuhlthau describe that the study on the impact of library on student’s achievement is the duplication of the United States study in 2003, students through Ohio school libraries, and this research is conducted by the center for international scholarship in school libraries at Rutgers, The state university of New Jersey (as cited in Lyn Hay, 2004). In recent years a great deal of activity in libraries has been dedicated to design, implementation and improvement of the library.Many of the library providing to the student’s online access catalogs (OPAC’s). It is also providing access to the internet journals holding and enable outside user to decide that which journals are hold by the library and what are the search engines (Moore, 2000). Furthermore, â€Å"any library program in which if there is sufficient staff, enough resources and adequately equipped so, in this way students can easily access to the achievement in spite of socioeconomic and education levels of community† (school libraries work! 2004, p . 6). Library history was an accepted discipline at library in every developed country. Now days with the enhancement of the information technology public can easily access to whatever they want related to their subject. People were rarely attending the library, some time facilitators or professors became the mean of information regardless of the library. Many of the authors has already been done in researching the history of the library but there is abundance of scope for more (Harrison, why library history? )In additional, in this era library is the essential part of any institution because people are used to searching in a peaceful environment and where is the enough verities of books, magazines, articles and a lot of general knowledge. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem: Most likely, students are interested in the positive learning environment that supports students learning. Libraries are playing most important role in the achievement of the student. Gradually, student success is in the achieving a good grades and library many time help a student for borrowing a books and related items.The positive and peaceful environment of the library attracts the learner’s attention towards achievement. We need to know that how library is playing a good role in student’s performance and success. 1. 3 Objective of the Study: The objective of my research project is to find out the impact of library on the student’s achievement and how students are getting the library as a useful and helpful for them in achieving their targeted goal or to know the student’s interest and extra reading habit. Through this study we can determine the factor which helps good reader and poor reader. 1. 4 Research Questions: i) In the perception of students what role libraries plays in academic and social life? (ii) How the libraries are helpful in acquiring command over knowledge and implementing in practical life? 1. 5 Significance of the Study: The significance of the study is to examine the importance of library in institutions for the students in their success. This study determine the student’s perception about the libraries importance and it is also help to understand that in recent years library has become very necessary for students in aspect of providing facilities, valid information and sufficient knowledge related to any subject.As more time is spent in using internet and social gathering students have no more extra reading habits. 1. 6 Limitations and Delimitations of the Study: This study is limited to the students of universities in Karachi. The limited respondents of the research are about 45 almost. This study is restricted to complete in a given time period. This is an academic research only. 1. 7 Related to Literature Review: The review is taking on the behalf of previous research of Australian school library Association. It was conducted in time period of four weeks November and December 2004.This study was about the relat ionship between libraries and student’s achievement. Williams and Wavell stated that some understanding is necessary to express the value of school library, this review also demonstrate the true findings and implications (Chan, 2008). In the previous researches this study shows the positive relationship between school libraries and student’s academic achievement. It is the fact that so many studies, in surroundings thousands of schools and universities are providing a persuasive evidence for the value of libraries (Cahn, 2008).In the united sates the Australian librarian becomes a â€Å"library media specialist† and in England and Scotland, the traditionally role of librarian does not include. Reynolds and Carroll (2001) stated that a librarian is a specialist in a special class room, who needs to be very experienced and expert and must have specialist teacher librarianship training. The term specialist, library teacher or library professional is used to avoid t he confusion or determine the staff of the library (as cited in Lonsdale, 2003).According to the Lance (2001a), Lance notice that Alaska is the first study that verifies the importance of the library teacher as a teacher of information, literacy and their impact on the student’s achievement (as cited in Lonsdale, 2003). This study is so far conducted to show the benefits of the school libraries where the students have positive and involved environment for increasing the reading habits and getting the most possible benefits closest to their achievement by comparing the results of those schools where libraries are non-existence.Since 2000, ten major studies (in Alaska, Pennsylvania, Colorado, Texas, Oregon, Massachusetts, Scotland, Michigan, Iowa and New Mexico) have observed the positive impact of libraries on student’s achievement. Particularly, the huge part of the research has been taken in the united sates (Lonsdale, 2003). The authors of Colorado study applied thei r methodology across different states of USA. In a study performed in Alaska, it was found that librarians are the information empowered†, because librarians are playing three roles they are teachers, information specialist and administrators who motivated or empowers the students and others teachers to gather the more and more information and meet academic achievement (Lance, Hamilton-Pennell & Rodney, 1999). Furthermore, libraries are playing most important role in providing the broad range of reading resources and for those students who cannot afford to buy new reading materials day by day and for those parents who cannot provide their children such range of reading materials.Libraries are without any paying or free of cost facilitating those who have strong reading habits. If literacy is not placed in the perfect structure and if newly obtained literacy skills will not frequently used and improved, so there are more chances that literacy skills can b convert in illiteracy in this way the huge participation in educational institutes will be wasted.Singh (2003) points out the importance of the library in the literacy level and achievement of students â€Å"most of the libraries are not providing support to the neo literate, unless they are provided the effective support to provide to the readers an effective reading materials otherwise they may again fall in the category of illiterates. Library is playing a vital role in providing learning and reading materials† (Singh, 2003) Obviously, it is much better to have a single set of books in a classroom rather than to have nothing.In order to improve or to enhance the reading habit among students, for this they must have to provide a wide range of attractive reading materials. These needs should b changed time to time to keep the interest of the students. Alternatives models should b designed to enhance the library based resources. Library models that provide verities of books are very popular among the students. According to Krolak, libraries are the perfect place that provides to students an effective and attractive environment. They have easy access to the run their needs related to reading habits.A successful library has number of books, newspaper, audio and videos, magazines etc. Mostly libraries are centrally located and easily accessible by the students and general public. Libraries are the place which provides very friendly and peaceful environment, with services oriented and all the time available with qualified staff. Some students have bad memories of schools and have negative attitude towards study. They are encouraged to come libraries and enjoy the non-reading activities to watch videos and to join the discussion groups, it would be the first step to back to the study (Krolak, 2005).Moreover, Lance et al. (1999) using three analytical techniques i. e. cross tabulation, comparison of means, correlation. Library media program are characterized as a predictor of acad emic achievement. It is also examined that might be indirect effect on academic achievement. After evaluating the direct and indirect effects of librarians on student’s academic achievement. Perhaps, the important factor that affects the impact of libraries on student’s achievement is correlation of the libraries and librarian that is explosion of the information. Particularly, this relationship is based on digital resources.If there would be a quality of digital or media resources students or general public can be more interested in study, or this much information would be available on internet in this way the role of library even become more important than in the past (Lonsdale, 2003) Henri (1999) described the term â€Å"information literature school communities† as an admittedly unclear collection of the factors, attributes, goals are necessary in an environment in which focus is on the learning and that unclearness is due to the complexity of school communi ties and developing the nature of literacy information.As a result, it is most likely that literacy information cannot be concise because it is more like a large version. This has implication on the development programs (as cited in Moore). In addition, libraries are being most important in terms of supporting literacy and they may also play a role in the development of the society. It is stated that: The freedom to read is essential in our country’s democracy. But it is continuously under pressure and for this private sectors and public authorities are doing many efforts to removing the barriers in the reading society or to remove the limit access to reading materials.To increase or edit the contents in schools to label the controversial views, to make the list of the most important books and authors and to clean the libraries. Then, some actions apparently rise from a view that these efforts are not valid; that the editing and containment are needed to counter the threats t o safely or national security, to remove the rebellion of the politics and corruption of ethics. We as individual need to stand up for this and as librarian and publishers it is the responsibility that they need to come up with the new and disseminating ideas.And they wish to declare the public interest in preserving the freedom to read. (Alabama’s school library media handbook for the 21st century learner, section 1, p. 3) Moreover, libraries are more essential 1. 8 Research Methodology: There are two kinds of methodology, one is quantitative and other is qualitative. Quantitative or qualitative research selection determines the method is to be applied to analyze data (Dawson, 2002). in this study, â€Å"quantitative methodology† will be use because it will collect, analyze and interpret data by recording statistical data.This study will conducted in over Karachi through the questionnaire survey and the aim is to make specific from generalization based on study of few variables those will b examined through closed-ended questionnaire. Those outcomes will be explored, analyzed and discovered after identification of the factors from researches. 1. 9 Sampling Technique: Sampling is an important element to consider with respect of time saving with tight deadlines to meet. As there are few people involved in this study so the data can be organized in so suitable and manageable way.Results will be available quickly as sample is relatively small. Selection of sample involves deciding which technique is appropriate in order to select more good. Mainly, there are two basic sampling techniques which are sampling technique and non-probability technique. In probability sampling technique each member of population has equal chance of selection. On the other hand, non-probability defines that the selection is unknown. In this study, non-probability technique is using and under non-probability technique convenience sampling is considered and 50 respondents par ticipated in the survey. . 10 Research Instrument: Data collection through questionnaire has advantages to some extent over other methods. As this study is based on quantitative methodology so the instrument will must n questionnaire. Questionnaire can construct in three types i. e. open-ended, closed-ended and mixture of both (Dawson, 2002). Questionnaire is consisting on set of statements against respondents were asked to mark only one option. 1. 11 Instrument’s Reliability: 1. 12 Ethical Consideration: In any research, most importance and consideration is given to ethics.In formation of questionnaire, care was taken to ensure that question that asked were simple and straightforward. As far as possible, ambiguity of question asked were avoided. Questions that required more clarity were so modified to provide simple and precise meaning. The respondents should be must participate voluntary and all the respondents have right to withdraw from study anytime and no researcher is allowed to force their respondent to participate. Impact of Library on Students Achievement Dear Respondent,I am conducting a research on â€Å"The Impact of Library on Student’s Achievement†. It will be a great support for me if you could spend fifteen minutes in filling out this questionnaire, which is based on 15 questions. Please help by kindly respond to this questionnaire as accurately as possible. The information gathered will be used for academic research only. Thank you for your time to complete the questionnaire. Your participation will be kept confidential. A: Demographic Profile: (please tick v one that apply to you) 1. What is your age? . Under 20 b. 20-23 c. 24-27 d. 28-31 e. 32-35 f. Over 36 2. What is your gender? a. Male b. Female 3. What is your profession? a. Student b. Professional/Business c. Unemployed d. Others 4. Which part of country do you live? a. Urban b. Rural B: please rate the importance of the following consideration 5 points Likert scal e. Where: 1= strongly disagree; 2=disagree; 3=agree; 4=strongly agree Sr. No| Items| Strongly Disagree| Disagree| Agree| Strongly Agree| 1| The library has helped me to learn more fact about my topic. | | | | 2| The library has helped me workout the main ideas I found in library. | | | | | 3| The information I have found in library has helped me become more interested in my topic. | | | | | 4| The information in the library has helped me decide what I need to do new with my topic. | | | | | 5| The library has helped me to know how to use different kind of source like magazines computer CD’s. | | | | | 6| The library has helped me to talk more in the class discussion. | | | | | 7| The library has helped me to think harder about my project assignment. | | | | 8| Things I have learnt in library have helped me study at home. | | | | | 9| The library has helped me when I do not understand something. | | | | | 10| The library has helped me when I have personal concern and issues. | | | | | 11| The library has helped me to get better grades in quizzes and exams. | | | | | 12| The library has helped me feel more confident about my topic. | | | | | 13| The library has helped me feel more confident for asking assistance. | | | | | 14| The library has helped me more interested in computers. | | | | 15| The library has helped me get more organized with my ideas. | | | | | Adapted from: Hay, L. (2004). Impact of library on student’s achievement. Synergy 3(4). Thank you for your time and co-operation References: Alabama’s school library media handbook for the 21st century learner, Accessed at: http://alex. state. al. us/librarymedia/Library%20Media%20Handbook. pdf Chan, 2008, the impact of school library services on student’s achievement and the implications for advocacy: A review of the literature, Hong Kong Baptist University, [email  protected] du. hk , Accessed at:

Anthem For Doomed Youth Etc

This poem tries to stop young men from volunteering to go and fight in a war, and to let them see that war is not as what is was often imagined to be – glorious and sweet. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is also an anti-war poem, but it does not include the horrific imagery Of Dulcet et Decorum Est. In this poem, Owen explains that many young people die in war, and that the family also suffers from their relatives death. This poem discourages the families from sending their boys to war.It is aimed at the parents, and through the poem, the parents can realize the pain of losing a son. Both anti- AR poems want to explain to people although aimed at different groups that war is not glorious and sweet, as it was believed to be. In this, the poems are very similar, but the methods used to achieve this differs greatly. â€Å"Dulcet et Decorum Est† gives a personal experience of a soldier, probably Owen himself, in battle. The first stanza explains just how tired and exh austing you can be after war-The atmosphere is depressive.Owen uses words and phrases like â€Å"hags†, â€Å"sludge† and â€Å"drunk with fatigue†. The entire mood is depressive and exhausting, and makes the reader feel the draining effect of AR. In the second stanza, the mood changes drastically from being exhausted to energetic. This is what Owen describes to be â€Å"an ecstasy of fumbling†, which is an oxymoron, as ecstasy in usually associated with joy, and fumbling with awkwardness. It seems that a chlorine-gas bomb exploded near the soldiers, and panicle, they hastily put on their gas masks.All but one manage to put the masks on in time. That man suffers grumblingly, as he is described to be burnt by the gas â€Å"like a man in fire or which is a substance that can eat flesh. â€Å"As under a green sea, I saw him drowning. † The Rene sea would be because of the effects of the chlorine gas – which is green, and the mask visor. The dr owning effects would be because of the blood in his lungs, and the gurgling for air while he was dying. This is a good simile, because Owen compares the surrounding gas to a sea, in which he is safe, but the unprotected man is drowning.The stanza ends with the line â€Å"He plunges at me, guttering chocking, drowning'. It is a very gruesome end to a very horrid stanza. This onomatopoeia in line sixteen makes the death sound very real, gruesome and sickening. The atmosphere Of this stanza is horrifying ND sickening. In the third stanza, the atmosphere changes again. The gas is gone, and they are loading up the dead and dying. The bodies are, however, not loaded onto the truck with respect; instead they are â€Å"flung' in. This dehumidifies the dead, and it just shows that there is no time to honor the dead.They are treated like garbage. Then the half dead man from the gas- attack is brought up again. He is in his final death stages. It is just as horrid as the second stanza. †Å"the blood. .. Gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs†¦ † This is another onomatopoeia, and it is easy to imagine the final death scene. The sat part of the poem gives this statement after the grueling scene: â€Å"My friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory, the old lie: Dulcet et Decorum Est Pro Patria Moor. In this, Owen explains, that if you could in some dream follow that horrific scene, and experience what the soldiers experienced, then nobody would enthusiastically tell desperate young men, about to go to war, seeking glory, that it is sweet and fitting to die for one's country, as was often quoted by commanders. â€Å"Anthem for Doomed Youth† is in the form of a Shakespearian sonnet, which is normally associated with love. This is very ironic, as this poem has very little to do with love – it has to do with death.The word â€Å"Anthem† is mostly associated with pride and glory, but in the ti tle, it symbolizes the guarantee and promise of dead young men. The first line asks a rhetorical question: â€Å"what passing bells for these who die like cattle? â€Å", followed by â€Å"only the monstrous anger of the guns†. This means, that there are no church bells for those who are slaughtered like animals, there are only the loud and deadly guns on the battlefields. Immediately, this will strike especially parents, who will not want their children to die, especially if there is tot even glory or honor in the death.No ceremony is held to honor the brave and dead there is only â€Å"angry' gunfire. Then there is the wonderful phrase â€Å"stuttering rifle's rapid rattle†. This is both an alliteration and an onomatopoeia. One can almost hear the deadly machine gun fire, ungracefully slaughtering thousands Of boys. Owen continues giving his description of the lack of glory for the young men, by saying â€Å"the shrill, demented choirs of wailing shells†. T his is also a paradox, as choirs are usually associated with a church and happiness, but here it is the ‘song' of shrill, howling shells.

The effects of personality on sports performance Essays

The effects of personality on sports performance Essays The effects of personality on sports performance Essay The effects of personality on sports performance Essay Personality Personality is all of our features added together to do each individual alone. The consequence personality has on athleticss public presentation has interested athleticss psychologists since the 1800’s. nevertheless conclusive grounds on whether personality straight affects personality has non been found. Athletes show their ain unique forms of behavior whilst take parting in athleticss public presentation. Many psychologists believe that the quality of public presentation and athletics engagement are determined by personality. A psychologist called Allport said personality is. What a adult male truly is! ’ ; Whiting subsequently added. Not what he appears to be. ’ Among recent definitions. two are of import to us: Personality is the sum sum of an individual’s features which make a human unique. ’ ( Hollander ) Personality represents those features of the individual that history for consistent forms of behavior. ’ ( Pervin. 1993 ) Marten’s Schematic View Marten’s conventional position is seen as holding three different degrees. which are all related to one another. These are: Psychological nucleus Typical responses Role-related behavior The psychological nucleus is the existent you’ . its what contains your beliefs. attitudes. involvements and values. These are seen to be comparatively stable. A typical response would be the usual ways you respond to your environment. the universe around you and the manner you handle certain state of affairss. E. g. you might acquire angry and cry after being fouled in football. as you feel it was unjust and unsportsman-like. on the other manus. you may be truly quiet and diffident when you find yourself run intoing new people. These are typical of the state of affairs and give a good penetration into your psychological nucleus. Role related behavior is determined wholly by the circumstance you find yourself in. It is the most mutable portion of your personality. Your personality will alter as your perceptual experience of the environment alterations. E. g. In the forenoon you are captaining a squad and have to demo leading accomplishments. in the eventide. you work a portion clip occupation and demand to follow instructions. Interactional View Most psychologists accept the interactionist position when explicating behavior. it says that you need to see how state of affairs and personality traits link together. It suggests when situational factors are strong. like in a punishment shoot-out in football. they are more likely to foretell behavior instead than personality. An jock may be really quiet in mundane life. but will shout and act unpredictably if they scored a victorious end. Psychodynamic Theory This attack to personality suggests that personality is made up of the witting and the unconscious. The first portion is called the id’ which stands for the natural thrust. This is the portion of your personality that is unconscious. and makes you do things without believing. E. g. a sprinter at the get downing line in an Olympic concluding may unconsciously get down to experience threatened by all of the outlooks siting on them. doing their musculuss to stop dead through high anxiousness. The 2nd portion of your personality is the self-importance. the witting portion. Then the concluding portion is your ace self-importance. which is the moral scruples you have. The effects of the self-importance and ace self-importance can be seen when a football participant wont take a punishment in a shoot-out because they are disquieted about allowing their squad down. The psychodynamic position attempts to understand the person as a whole instead thana looking at different parts of their personality. This attack isn’t used really frequently in athletics as it focuses on the grounds why we behave a certain manner. it focuses on behavior that comes from an person and ignores the athlete’s environment. This theory. nevertheless. is utile when psychologists are seeking to explicate behavior because it does assist you to understand that non all behavior is consciously under the athlete’s control.

Its Me vs It is I

Its Me vs It is I Its Me vs It is I Its Me vs It is I By Maeve Maddox Reader Ali Abuzar wants us to: elaborate the difference and usage of 1.It is me. 2.It is I. 3.This is me. 4.This is I. 5.This is Mr. XYZ. Items 1. and 2: It is me. It is I. Back in the 18th century, when scholars were fiercely debating English grammar in an effort to ascertain and fix it, one of the proposed rules relating to pronouns was that a pronoun in the nominative case (what we now call a subject pronoun) must follow a form of to be: It is I. It is we. It is they. This rule is based on a rule that exists in Latin. The existence of this rule in any language, however, does not prevent most English speakers from saying Its me. When someone phones me and says Is Maeve Maddox there? my response is always This is she. Thats the way my momma brought me up to answer the phone. She also taught me to say To whom do you wish to speak? However, in face to face conversation, Im much more likely to say Its me. Its me is idiomatic English. It is I is not. Thats not to say that the usage of to be followed by a nominative pronoun is either dead or deserves to be. Its just not used by all speakers on all occasions. Theres a familiar hymn whose chorus contains the line Here I am, Lord. Is it I, Lord? Writers of fiction often use the differing forms as character tags. Items 3. and 4: This is me. This is I. The only context for This is me that I can think of (except maybe in answering the telephone) would be in describing photos to another person: This is me the summer after I graduated. This is me when I joined the Marines. This is I would sound strange in this context. Item 5: This is Mr. XYZ. This is the normal construction for such a statement. Ex. This is the author of my favorite novel. This is Mr. Biceps, my gym teacher. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesAt Your Disposal90 Verbs Starting with â€Å"Ex-†

Deductive Technology ( Project Plan) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Deductive Technology ( Project Plan) - Essay Example ld help them to understand the cause-effect relationship between different incidents and would also enable them to become familiar with numerical figures. The company wants to expand its presence across US, which has been estimated to have a market size of nearly six times than the UK market. As per the estimations of the company, the US market is estimated to offer a much greater growth potential than its UK counterpart. Though the company has set up a subsidiary unit in US, but it wants to tap the entire demand of the market. Moreover, the company is also eager to penetrate into the smaller markets like Canada and Australia. This makes it essential for the company to upgrade its technology processes and also the existing resources available. To meet the challenges of expansion, the company has identified the need of corporate restructuring and an absolute necessity of integrating the various facets of its operational processes. As per the management, in order to meet its underlined growth objectives in terms of sales, the company needs to bring about significant developments in its processes. The company had decided to strengthen it s marketing operations and integrate the various business operations so that they would be able to easily foray into any international market. As a project manager, it is important to adopt strategies by which an overall integration of the different functional operations of the company with the help of developed software tools is achieved as that would help the organization to strengthen its marketing strategy, which is vital for the adoption of an aggressive growth strategy. Such a strong marketing network would enable the company to procure more orders and meet the deadlines. This would enable the company to gain access to more projects which in turn would steer the company’s growth. The company wants to adopt a business reengineering process to bring about an overall corporate restructuring. This is necessary as that would help

Management of Quality in ABC organisation Assignment

Management of Quality in ABC organisation - Assignment Example For this report it has been decided to adopt a manufacturing company namely Toyota. This paper will cover the theoretical assumptions of quality management and simultaneously will demonstrate that how Toyota has applied all these assumptions in its business processes (Deal In the recent past, quality has gained prominence as the organisations experienced the high cost of poor quality. According to the scholars of the quality management, all the aspects of the organisation are affected by quality and therefore it has dramatic cost implications. Basically cost to quality can be broadly categorised under two heads namely cost of conformance and cost of non-conformance. The first type of cost is incurred to prevent the second one. After Prius recall, management of Toyota has decided to implement new quality plan. Among those, the most important is the developing of the communication plan. They have a plan to open up a regional customer research centre for collecting customer’s queries and for resolving them. Appraisal Cost: Primarily appraisal costs are incurred to ensure that the defects do not reach to the customers. It consists of a cost of assessing suppliers, inspections of incoming and outgoing materials, product testing and performing audits. Toyota has been crediting the ‘Quality Cost Delivery’ (QCD) award to their suppliers whose cost, delivery and most importantly quality exceeds 95% standard of excellence. The management of Toyota evaluated the suppliers on the basis of the rejection rates on the basis of parts per million (PPM). Internal Failure Cost: It has been associated with all those events which are employed to determine the poor product quality before delivering to the customers. It consists of rework for modifying the defects and losses of material. Even it also includes cost of scraps which refers to the defective products that cannot be corrected

Essay Question Rewrite Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essay Question Rewrite - Assignment Example Variances in connotations make new descriptive terminology and expressions assume new meanings. The meanings of words may also aimlessly â€Å"drift†, their functions having different value or implications with time. Furthermore, colloquial phrases may be regrouped to create new and unpredictable meanings that are different from the initial purpose of the phrase based on word grouping. 2. The Theme â€Å"Today’s Dialect is Tomorrow’s Language† runs through the text (p.92). McWhorter argues this as a kind of Mantra for the linguistic discussion: â€Å"Dialect is all there is.† Using McWhorter’s analysis of the eight languages of the Chinese Versus eight Chinese dialects, support your understanding of this theme in Chapter 2. McWhorter used the theme of â€Å"Today’s Dialect is Tomorrow’s Language† to create the impression that language’s true understanding is obtained through the analysis of different dialects that are broadly considered as language because it is their direction that determine what will eventually be considered as proper usage over time. Various language branches with distance themselves become languages over time. 3. The author describes how language proceeds in myriad directions. Dialects form by migration, communication and education. How would you relate examples of the family tree of making stew in discussing how language change and mixing is inherent according to the author (p. 93-94). Chapter 3 In order to understand McWhorter’s ideas on the mixing and change of language, one has to analyze the way he compares language to cross pollination. Change of language is natural as various dialects are formed by groups of people change and move language to suit their specific needs in a way that complies with the â€Å"family tree† metaphor. Furthermore, the author notes that as speakers of various dialects migrate and communicate with other

The Reflections Of Caribbean Poetry English Literature Essay

The Reflections Of Caribbean Poetry English Literature Essay As a collective group, the Caribbean people celebrate an eclectic melding of the differences inherent in our ancestry with an appreciation of the influences wrought upon us by the history of the islands, and our development may be chronicled through an examination of the poetry and poetic styles of the poets who seek to give a voice to the diverse, yet collective identity of the Caribbean throughout our growth. The poetry of the region reflects the distinct composite factors which characterize the evolution of the people and the Caribbean islands: the difference is evident in the persons who composed the poems, the subject matter, form, style, the target audience, and the ideological interests which were served. Initially, in the eighteenth century, at one end of the spectrum there were poets who ascribed to the scribal traditions of the English verse as it had developed by that period. These poets hailed from the white master class and dealt primarily with a glorification of the adventure of colonization in the Caribbean. The target audience was the imperial Motherland England, and by extension the other European nations. The pattern of the poems followed the blank verse, pastoral modes, personification, and a poetic diction consistent with the European poets of the era, such as Milton. The subject matter praised an idealized notion of the natural beauty of the Caribbean islands as in Weekes Barbados (1754): When frequent Rains, and gentle Showrs descend, / To cheer the Earth, and Natures self revive, / A second Paradise appears! the Isle / Thro-out, one beauteous Garden seems; (Burnett [1986], 102). The poems therefore are typified by a grandiose, eloquent style, liberally interspersed wi th classical allusions which celebrated the supposed grandeur of the West Indies. Singleton, in his A General Description of the West Indian Islands (1767), illustrates this feature: There hollow noises, murmuring thro the vault, / Surprize the listning er; whilst from the deeps / The hoarse Cerberean yell dreadful ascends, / Three times full-echod from the distant hills. (106). Juxtaposed with the idyllic Caribbean scenes described, these poets, such as Weekes in Barbados (1754), represent in their works a form of superficial humane concern for the slaves, coupled with an acceptance of slavery as the ultimate lot of the slave: Close watch, ye Drivers! Your work-hating Gang, / And mark their Labours with a careful Eye; / But spare your cruel, and ungenrous Stripes! / They sure are Men, tho Slaves, and colourd Black; (102). The poems celebration of the grandeur of the tropics [italics mine] is really a celebration of the supposed grandeur of British colonialism in the Caribbean. In m ost cases the poems work to uphold the slave-based socio-political system of the West Indian plantation society. (Baugh, 227-228). At the other end of the spectrum, there are the anonymous, simple expressions of the black slaves their folk songs, ballads, chants and work songs which articulate their observations and emotions while enduring the slavery experience. For example, there is the poignant lament: If me want for go in a Ebo, / Me cant go there! / Since dem tief me from a Guinea, / Me cant go there! (3). In a frustrated tone, wracked with displacement and restriction of movement, the poem solemnizes the plea of the slave while voicing the collective strife of the slaves on the islands. Markedly contrasting with the poetry of the scribal tradition, the poetry of the presumably uneducated Negro slave appeared to be fresh, insightful and engaging in its simplicity. The poems celebrated the oral traditions of the Africans and were imbued with a creative potential which was forged from the melding of the English and West African languages. Thus, even though the poems were written primarily in English, there were distinct African qualities (for example, the folksong tradition), which was only enhanced by the combining of the European ballad tradition: Guinea Corn, I long to see you / Guinea Corn, I long to plant you / Guinea Corn, I long to mould you (4). Significant to note is that the poets focus is on the Guinea Corn of hie native homeland, and not on the sugarcane of the plantations which exploited his labour. Topically, the slave would not have thought to romanticize the natural beauty of the islands in which they now lived under such persecution. Rather, focal points of their poems may have been entrenched in the desire to retain their native identities and in finding ways of re-defining their identities in the new context of the Caribbean. While it stands to reason that the dichotomy shown here epitomizes the expected disparity of thought and should, in fact, highlight the distinctions among the Caribbean people, the evolution of the Caribbean towards the abolition of slavery gave birth to an innovative poetic voice, one which emerged as a spokesperson chronicling the debacle of the slave trade and the slave experience: Was there no mercy, mother of the slave! No friendly hand to succor and to save, While commerce thus thy captive tribes oppressd, And lowering vengeance lingerd oer the west? Yes, Africa! Beneath the strangers rodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦From isle to isle the welcome tidings ran; The slave that heard them started into man: Like Peter, sleeping in his chains, he lay, The angel came, his night was turnd to day; Arise! his fetters fell, his slumbers flee; He wakes to life, he springs to liberty. (Montgomery [1807], 1-5, 76-77). This poetic voice also interwove the African oral tradition into the fabric of the European poetic form, creating a new composite form which, for the first time, attempted to bridge the gap between the Standard English language and the language of the slaves. In his pioneer attempt, Moretons Ballad (1790) is an example of this: Altho a slave me is born and bred, / My skin is black, not yellow: (Burnett, 112). With this initial foray into the experimental Creole art form, the fact that poets of Caucasian descent were willing to both pen and publish poems in this native dialect spoke loudly to the impending communal focus of poetry in the Caribbean isles, and by extension, the duality of distinct peoples writing for the same purpose: to record a shared history and to give a unique voice to Caribbean literary works. That is not to say that all poems written in this time period were imbued with a humane outlook on the Africans. Many poets who were members of the privileged class ventured into this field, using the local vernacular in their scribal works, however the intent of poets such as Cordle and Mc Turk was a humorous depiction of the everyday life of the African in an attempt to appease the target audience which was still predominantly European. A prime example of Mc Turks use of the vernacular to poke fun at the African people can be seen in his poem, Query (1899): Da Backra one fo go a hebben? / Da Backra one fo raise like lebben? / Da wa a-we po Negah do? / Make a-we no fo raise up too? (13). It may be noted however, that poets such as Mac Dermot, whose work displayed a Tennysonian sound and feel, as was inevitable due to continued reliance on European form, in Cuba (1950s), showed the redemptive power of Caribbean unity: But we like lovers twain / Are one in joy and pain, (132). The poets and poems of this era depicted, in essence, informative social history documents, however their depiction did not negate the fact that, inevitably, two distinct histories were being interwoven through the medium of the poetry which was written. Without openly acknowledging the fact, the poets became a part of the discourse of history that they shared with historians and travel writers (Baugh, 230). The veer towards the vernacular in poetry which still embodied European forms, and also now American forms in the writing, was extremely valuable as a reflection of social realities which no longer distinguished between the people who populated the Caribbean islands, but rather reflected the shared nature of the their heritage. This fact became more noticeable as the Caribbean and its people continued to evolve. The turn of the century was earmarked by poets such as Claude Mc Kay and Una Marson, whose poetic content highlighted the didactic shift towards a focus on black consciou sness and, in Marsons work, a predominantly feminist interpretation of the social relations of the era. Although his later works were penned entirely in Standard English and exhibited the lineage of Milton and Wordsworth, the protest sonnets of Mc Kay, such as If We Must Die reflected both the black United States American situation and the Caribbean situation of the time; the racial theme is engaged poignantly, connecting the Black diaspora and speaking for the Black community generally, rather than singularly from the Caribbean perspective: If we must die, O let us nobly die, / So that our precious blood may not be shed / In vain; then even the monsters we defy / Shall be constrained to honour us, though dead! (Burnett, 144). If one examines Mc Kays Creole poetry, there is, in contrast to earlier works by Cordle and Mc Turk in which the African man was patronized, a definitive consciousness of the black people: I born right don beneat de clack / (You ugly brute, you tun you back?) / Don tink dat Im a come-aroun / I born right way in panish Town. (Brown, 7). The new female consciousness presented by Marson was also linked to black awareness on a holistic level. This black awareness fuses with class consciousness in Marsons simple diction and syntax, while her rhyme draws heavily from the Blues tradition of the American poetic form: I like me black face / And me kinky hair. / I like me black face / And me kinky hair. / But nobody leves dem, / I jes dont tink its fair. (Burnett, 158). What was seen to emerge was poets working conjointly to produce a new West Indian poetic tradition. Thematically the poets wrote in the context of the changing sociopolitical consciousness, exhibiting a new level of seriousness, characterized by a nationalistic slant, an exploration of the social realities of the time, and profoundly proclaiming a search for a shared Caribbean identity. The poems which grew out of the early to mid-twentieth century gave more attention to the search for a unique voice and although typified by derivations from the modern English and American poets of the time, for example, Auden, Eliot and Pound, there was a decided split from the European tradition. Nowhere does this split show itself to be more evident than in the secular works of Louise Bennett. Written entirely in the Jamaican Creole, Bennetts work legitimized the Creole in a way that no-one elses had as yet. Employing the primarily dramatic monologue, interspersed intermittently with the short narrative form, and with heavy reliance on the oral traditions, Bennett engages the reader vicariously in the grassroots wisdom of her personae. Her sharply probing yet objective eye exposes the naÃÆ' ¯vetà © of the Caribbean people. Her tone which is sometimes chastising, is at all times, even in the midst of her reliance on comedy as a medium of exposition, satirical as she figuratively holds up a mirror to societys foibles. Her ideas dwell on the peoples articulation of self and their place in the history of the Caribbean. Distinguishing identity becomes an inevitable condition as the people define themselves. In her works, for example, Colonization in Reverse, the reader can see how Bennett acts as a reporter and commentator on an event of both historical significance and psychological interest to the Caribbean people the exodus of Caribbean nationals to England during the post-war period: Wat a joyful news, Miss Mattie, I feel like me heart gwine burs Jamaica people colonizing Englan in reverseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Oonoo see how life is funny, Oonoo see de tunabout? Jamaica live fe box bread Out a English people moutà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Brown, 32). The delivery is characterized by a high degree of verbal and gestural expressiveness however the irony and counter-irony of the situation chronicle the poem. The dialect which is used as the medium of delivery serves mainly to highlight the unfolding drama of West Indian consciousness as the speaker debates the issue of a counter-colonization of England, and the West Indian nationals search for an identifiable history. To many of the West Indian poets such as Bennett, the tradition of English poetic form which was inherited as a part of our colonial history became progressively constrained and oppressive as the islands and their people moved towards self-realization. The need for a Caribbean poetry which encapsulated the essence of the Caribbean peoples shared history and drive towards progress and self-actualiaztion became the fore-runner of thematic influence for the poets topics. The desire for a poetry which spoke of, to and for West Indians was begun by poets like Bennett and realized in poets such as Derek Walcott and (Edward) Kamau Brathwaite. Their poems expressed a possibility for the creation of a new Caribbean world differentiated by its very divergence from Europe and America. Walcotts vision essentially delineates the social realities which have to be transformed in order for a new world vision to transcend into reality. His poetry reinvented the Caribbean landscape through the languag e which defined the qualities of the Caribbean life and people. The vision, which was also influenced by the plight of the Middle Passage extends to all races that comprised the Caribbean. Walcotts poetry did not highlight distinctions among the people, rather when he speaks of race he refers to all Caribbean people, and this vision further extends to embrace all human suffering and the need for survival. The Native Americans tragedy served only to deepen his concern for the Black diaspora, his outrage and lament not singularly focused on the Cherokee Trail of Tears nor the Gulag Archipelago, but a lament for the injustice of all systems of abuse and slavery which prioritized the financial gain of the enterprise above the inhumanities inflicted on the individual. Walcotts poetry can be said to subsume the whole history of grief inherited by the Caribbean people. History itself, for him, becomes a centrally comprehensive theme, such that the gnarled, sea-almond trees on any Atlantic- facing Caribbean coast represent for the poet the resiliency of the people, their capacity to endure, and to build a culture out of a common catastrophe: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦their leaves broad dialect a coarse, / enduring sound / they shared together. (Walcott, 23). Brathwaite shared Walcotts vision as he clearly established [a] single-minded pursuit of an alternative tradition for West Indian poetry. He grounded it in the retrieval and recognition of African cultures and of communal knowledge lost or submerged in the Middle Passageà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Baugh, 255): à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦memories trunked up in a dark attic, he stumps up the stares of our windows, he stares, stares he squats on the tips of our language black burr of conundrums eye corner of ghosts, ancient his- tories; (Brathwaite, 165). For Brathwaite, his poetry utilizes black musical expressions from both sides of the Atlantic and combines them with black vernacular and Standard English to re-enact or evoke significant moments of Black experience. His goal may be seen as to renew a sense of community and shared purpose among the dispersed African peoples. Brathwaites poems are simultaneously a lament and a celebration of the black diaspora, his heroes and speakers composites of all the changing faces and voices of the new Caribbean. Renewal and community emerge as the desired home out of a legacy of exile and fragmented identity. For both Walcott and Brathwaite, their representations of contemporary society resound with the understanding of the colonial legacy bequeathed to the Caribbean people. The latter half of the Twentieth Century heralded the emergence of yet another poetic voice. This voice was that of the West Indian feminist who sought to establish the importance of the contribution of the female figure in the West Indian community. Poets such as Merle Collins and Lorna Goodison spoke out forthrightly against male-dominated power structures and engaged questions of the womans role in issues of history, class and race. Goodisons poetry for example resonates with a deep sense of history, generates a sense of creativity and focuses on the multi-dimensional roles of women in the society, sharing with Brathwaite and Walcott that vibrant sense of identity evident in her works which characteristically display Caribbean and African-American people music within a social and native consciousness that this type of music includes: Mother, there is the stone on the hearts of some women and men something like an onyx, cabochon-cut, which hung on the wearer seeds bad dreams. Speaking for the small dreamers of this earth, plagued with nightmares, yearning for healing dreams we want the stone to move. (Goodison, 4). Poems such as this encapsulate the breadth of the female form, claiming the womans place as the cultural regenerator of the people. Also extending the range of artistic use of the oral tradition into the current century, infusing it with the urgency of new, deprived generations and speaking the language of the street, the poetry of poets such as Linton Kwesi Johnson gained new popularity as dub poetry, a poetry which could trace its lineage to the oral inventiveness of the tenement yards and ghettos. However, although the poetry is at times interspersed with impressions of violence, it affirms the deep cultural significance and identification of the Caribbean people with social protest: dem is awftin decried an denied dem is awftin ridiculed an doungraded dem is sometimes kangratulated an celebrated dem is sometimes suprised an elated but as yu mite have already guess dem is awftin foun wantin more or less dus spoke di wizen wans af ole dis is a story nevvah told (Brown, 274). The writers explored here are not all of one and the same generation. Nonetheless they identify in crucial ways the Caribbeans origins; their sense of location is creatively problematic and their postcolonial sensibility appears uneasily chronicled. However the idea of a divided immigrant to the Caribbean does not hold true. Rather, one can literally trace the development of the Caribbean, and its continuing development, through the voice which these poets give to their works of art. There is a specially defined relationship of the Caribbean national to his home and identity, however multi-faceted it may appear to be. His colonial redefinition is still incomplete but the process, however delayed, is inevitable. Poets of the West Indies, through their thematic content, their use of language, their adaptation of form and their ability to acquire a target audience which was, in effect, a locally appreciative entourage, all shared in the singular rhetoric which captured the shared experi ence of the Caribbean people and gave to the islands a unique form of identity. As Eric Roach notes in his poem Love Over-grows a Rock (1992), the hope for the Caribbean peoples future lies summarily in transcending insularity through a shared regional identity and dream: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦So, from my private hillock / In Atlantic I join cry: / Come, seine the archipelago; / Disdain the sea; gather the islands hills / Into the blue horizons of our love. (Rohlehr, 284).