Purple hibiscus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Purple hibiscus - Term Paper Example Life at Aunty Ifeoma’s house in Nsukka was relatively peaceful for Kambili and Jaja when compared to the experience they had with their father, Eugene in Enugu. This is due to the fact that their father was a violent figure that was treating them harshly and beating them at any slight provocation. Aunty Ifeoma on the other hand, was a peaceful woman that was more accommodating than their father and so she treated the children very well during their stay with her in Nsukka. In Nsukka, Kambili and Jaja did not have to worry themselves over scenarios that had a violent husband striking his wife over trivial matters. While staying with their father in Enugu, Kambili and Jaja had to cope with the matrimonial quarrel that took place between their father and their mother as their father always beat their mother, Beatrice and treats her cruelly. While at Nsukka with Aunty Ifeoma, Kambili and Jaja were free to speak their minds as this privilege was not given to them during their daily life in Enugu with their father. They were far happier in Nsukka than they were in Enugu and were more open to air their views. It could then be argued that Kambili and Jaja lived in bondage during their daily life with their father in Enugu, while they lived like people just freed from the shackles of their bondage during their stay with Aunty Ifeoma in

Discuss the importance of recruitment and selection of sales people Essay

Discuss the importance of recruitment and selection of sales people. Explain the possible problem that you may encounter in selecting the wrong person for the job - Essay Example And in spite of the considerable expansion of the indirect sale, supported by the fast and phenomenal development of new technologies, the direct sale remains a privileged tool in the global sales process. Nevertheless, it is will be assigned here that even the sale is done by direct or indirect way; the salesman plays a major role in this process that we will try to highlight along this paper. In an intuitive way, we can say that â€Å"it is somebody who succeeds in convincing a customer to buy his product or his service at his price and his conditions†. We will be able to discourse a long time on the subject, but the real fact is that the salesman is currently engaged in order to achieve this objective and to improve the results continually (Doney and Canon 1997). Thus, the real mission of salesman is to accomplish a work with innovation, motivation and high confidence. Doney and Canon (1997) state that, more and more people beginning their sales career adopt an attitude which is harmful for themselves with respect to their work. They identified a series of reasons that lead to this kind of behaviors. Among those reasons they mentioned the lack of confidence in a product, the difficulty in making a final choice by the absence of priority sense, etc. More emotive reasons like personal rejection or fidelity towards their current supplier are also present and they are often among the most difficult to counter to. The internal conflicts at the various stages of intervention in large organizations are omnipresent and constitute serious problems but not insurmountable obstacles for salespeople (Forsyth 1980). We must remember here that in 67 % of the cases, the first objection of the customer is not "the true objection" and that the sale starts when the customer says "not". We wish to warn against the reflexes of defense which come with the rejection and which tend to

Reflection Paper College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection Paper College - Essay Example This is important because it shifts the focus in the day-to-day activities from the base employee-level to supervisor and middle management and as such, one's skills should be geared to dealing with supervisors. Recognizing the strategic business role that HR plays and "seeing the big picture" of HR within an organization is an important lesson going forward and I believe that such an appreciation will be welcomed and respected by my future employers. Another important learning outcome was the function that the High-Powered Work System of (HPWS) had in guiding HR practices, specifically Staffing and Compensation. Leveraging technology in combination with organizational structure is an essential aspect to the HPWS and as a consequence Human Resources. How to utilize those technologies and developing a structure that seeks to integrate those technologies in a human resources capacity will be an important part of my Human Resources philosophy. Workplace Diversity is more about thriving in a globalized market than achieving Equal Opportunity employment practices.

Cloud Computing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cloud Computing - Case Study Example This is achieved through being allowed to pay at a very low rate the capacity which they use only (AmazonWebService, November 2012). The provision of Software-as-a-Service and Infrastructure-as-a-Service offloads the burden of constantly updating systems both hardware and software from the consumer to service provider. In this regard Ericsson rides on the latest and updated systems handing at no extra cost. Cloud based systems such as the ones offered by AWS are accessed through web APIs which can be remotely accessed from virtually anywhere in the world offering a very flexible and highly convenient system which to international companies such as Erickson redefines global outreach literally. Furthermore Cloud based systems are a 24 hour service which allow round the clock access as a results clients are able to get an on demand availability of their data and systems. On demand systems offered by AWS Allows ericsson to work only with the capacities they require as and when they are n eeded as such no resource goes to waste of idle time and they freed from costs arising from long term planning upgrades and maintenance of systems. The fact that Ericsson runs mobile networks, a real-time on demand availability of their systems offers a cutting edge market advantage over their competitors (Dodani, 2009). Ericsson cloud based systems uses Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Services (S3), and Rightscale. These are powerful and robust services provided by Amazon designed to simplify cloud computing. Amazon EC2 for example provides a complete control of the system as if it were on premise by allowing users to obtain and configure their systems capacity with a lot of ease. Acquisition and booting a new server through Amazon EC2 has been simplified providing a quick means of either increasing or decreasing capacity depending with system requirements (AmazonWebService, November 2012). This is a highly scalable

Reflection Paper College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflection Paper College - Essay Example This is important because it shifts the focus in the day-to-day activities from the base employee-level to supervisor and middle management and as such, one's skills should be geared to dealing with supervisors. Recognizing the strategic business role that HR plays and "seeing the big picture" of HR within an organization is an important lesson going forward and I believe that such an appreciation will be welcomed and respected by my future employers. Another important learning outcome was the function that the High-Powered Work System of (HPWS) had in guiding HR practices, specifically Staffing and Compensation. Leveraging technology in combination with organizational structure is an essential aspect to the HPWS and as a consequence Human Resources. How to utilize those technologies and developing a structure that seeks to integrate those technologies in a human resources capacity will be an important part of my Human Resources philosophy. Workplace Diversity is more about thriving in a globalized market than achieving Equal Opportunity employment practices.

Dulux Paints, a Hospital, a leisure centre and a GPs Surgery Essay Example for Free

Dulux Paints, a Hospital, a leisure centre and a GPs Surgery Essay For this project I have sent a letter to each company, I have emailed 1 of the companies and visited 2 of the companies in order to help me with my research. Although not all companies gave me the relevant information, I also used the internet to help me fill in the missing gaps. Production Organisations The only product organisation I have chosen to do is Dulux. Dulux is a paint company. Dulux Customer Care Centre ICI Paints Wexham Road Slough SL2 5DS Tel: 08444 817 817 Dulux produce a wide range of different paints and products both interior and exterior to help you paint. Here are a few examples of what products they make. Paint Paint is any liquid liquefiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to a solid film. Products made for interior: Paint pod: Paintpod roller system, Paintpod matt emulsion, Paintpod silk emulsion, Paintpod 2m extension tube, Paintpod extra reach handle, Paintpod roller sleeve, Paintpod dip tube, Paintpod edging brush, Paintpod spare parts Main Range: Matt, Natural hints matt, Feature wall matt, Soft sheen, Solid emulsions matt, Solid emulsions silk, Non-drip gloss, Satin wood, Professional liquid gloss, Pure brilliant white eggshell, Quick dry gloss, Quick dry satin wood, Tile paint, Cupboard paint. Exterior products: Products made for exterior: Main range: non-drip gloss, professional liquid gloss. Once: Gloss. Weathersheild: smooth masonry paint, textured masonry paint, ready to roll smooth masonry paint, exterior gloss, exterior satin, exterior one coat gloss, exterior undercoat, exterior stablishing primer, multi-surface fungicidal wash, exterior preservative primer. What Science is involved? Paint is manufactured with mineral fillers (clay and limestone) and pigments from various minerals. Paint contains four basic ingredients pigments, resin solvents and additives. Each has a different purpose. The pigment is for colour, resin is a binder, the solvent carries the pigment and resin from the paintbrush to the wall, the additive is added to change or improve its characteristics, in paint it is added to help the paint stick better. Making the paste: Pigment manufacturers send bags of pigments to the paint factory where it is them premixed with the resin, the solvent and additives to form a paste. Dispersing the pigment: The paste mixture is then routed to a sand mill (shown below) this agitates tiny particles of sand to grind the pigment particles to make them smaller then dispersing them throughout the mixture. The mixture will then be filtered to remove the sand particles. Although not all paint companys use a sand mill, instead they may be used in a high speed dispersion tank. (Shown below) here the premixed paste is subjected to high speed agitation by a circular toothed blade attached to the rotating shaft. Using this process will blend the pigments into the solvent Thinning the paste: No matter how it is dispersed whether by sand mill or dispersion tank the paste must be thinned to produce the final product. The paste is transferred to a large kettle where it is agitated with the right amount of solvent to match the paint desired. Canning the paint: The paint is then pumped into the canning room. Empty cans are rolled horizontally onto labels the set upright for the paint to be pumped into them. A machine will then place the lids onto the filled cans and a second machine will press the lid so it is sealed. The handles are then made and cut by a bolometer before hooking them into the holes made on the cans. The cans are then boxed and sent to the warehouse. Health and safety act: The health and safety act defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, person in control of work premises and people who manage and maintain them. The act enables a regime of regulations by the government ministers through the statutory instrument. They created an extensive system of specific provisions for various industries, including discipline and risks. It enforces powers backed by criminal sanctions extending to unlimited fines and imprisonment for up to 2 years. The act provides a critical interface with the law of European Union on workplace health and safety. How is the HS act used in Dulux? The health and safety act will be used in Dulux to make sure that paint is not left on the floor and so that the company is a safe environment to work in. listed below are a few ways in which they will ensure health and safety: * They are to make sure there is no paint left on the floor to ensure no accident occur * They are to make sure Special clothes will be worn to protect the workers from toxic chemicals * They will Ensure that all equipment is safe to use to help prevent accident occurring * They will ensure that All fire exits are clearly marked and not covered so easy access incase of a fire * All rules and regulations are clearly stated, visible and always followed. * There is a fire safety point Cleary situated. * Ensure all fire alarms work Service organisations The 1st service organisation I have chosen to do is within the health care system. I have chosen to do a hospital. I will research manor hospital. Manor Hospital Moat Road, Walsall, WS2 9PS 01922 721172 Manor hospital offers a wide range of services from AE to Vascular surgery. I have listed a few below: * AE * Cancer services * Care of the elderly * Dermatology * Ear, nose and throat surgery * Maternity * Orthodontics * Pharmacy and medicines * Sexual health * Therapy services * Urology * Vascular surgery Manor hospital is a place where you can get medical treatment. They help you in a variety of different ways. I have chosen to do focus my project on the AE What Science Is Involved? In the AE there are a variety of different sciences involved. Although not all are used daily. There are some things that you may not be aware off that use science. The AE is a place where you go if you have been involved in an accident. They deal with all accidents and emergencys ranging from a sprain up to a breakage of a bone. Although this may seem like no science is involved there is. Biology is mainly used because its deals with the human body. They need to have a biology degree. For example if somebody were to come into AE with a nail in there hand, they would have to use the biology in order to figure out the best treatment n how to go about getting the nail out. Would they just pull it out or would they operate? After deciding this they will need to sterilise the nail in order to stop the micro-organism infecting the wound. This is another form of science involved. After that if they choose to operate they will use anaesthetic. Although this may seem as if this is not using science it is. This is used to temporarily reduce sensation so that painful procedures or surgery can be performed. There are 2 types of anaesthetic: * General; makes the patient unconscious * Local; numbs the part of the body that would feel pain. So what is in anaesthetic? * Benzocaine * Dibucaine * Liudocaine * Tetracaine * Novocaine * Prilocaine * Mepivacaine * Bupivacaine * Articaine * Procaine Health and safety: As stated above manor hospital will also have health and safety regulations to help ensure nobody is put at risk, listed below are some examples of where health and safety will be used in the AE: * They will ensure that when using needles or checking a patient they will use gloves, that are to be changed after every patient * They will ensure that all needles used are put into a container and only used on 1 person. * They will ensure that all the toilets are clean. * They will ensure that no fire exits or covered and are fully accessible. * They will ensure that if a patient is highly ill they will be put into quarantine. * They will ensure that all medical equipment is clean and able to be used. * A fire safety point clearly stated * Ensure all fire alarms work * They will ensure that there are enough seats available so that people are not standing around. The 2nd service organisation I have chosen to do is Berkley practice. This is a GPs practice. Berkley practice Churchill Road Walsall West midlands WS2 0BA The Berkley practice provides a wide range of services such as: * Blood tests * STI Tests * Pregnancy tests At the Berkley practice there is more than one GP available to suit your needs, as each GP may have a different area of expertise. This also may be so that it is easy access to your GP if you live close by. Although you may have a personal GP you may also chose to use a different Doctor. What Science is involved? As a dentist they will need to know a variety of different thing that involve science such as x-ray machines and chemicals. Here below are some of the sciences used. A dentist will diagnose and treat problems relating to the teeth and gums in the mouth. This means the dentist will need to know the science of the body but specifically the mouth and teeth. This will be so they can give advice about brushing and healthy eating for looking after teeth and gums. They will also need to know the science of chemicals and antibiotics so that they are able to provide proper protection and pain relief. Dentist will also need to know the science of x-rays machines and other equipment so that they can be used safely and easily without accidents occurring. Finally dentist will need to know the science of infectious diseases so that he can prevent them happening whilst providing treatment. Health and safety: Like in the hospital the GP may have some of the same constraints to ensure safety. * Ensure all equipment is clean and safe to use * Ensure that gloves are worn when treating a patient * All needles will be put into a container * A fire safety point clearly stated * Ensure that all rules and regulations are stated, visible and always followed. * Ensure that all fire alarms work The 3rd service organisation I have chosen to do is Darlaston leisure centre Victoria Road Darlaston Walsall WS10 8AP Telephone 0121 526 7473 Fax 0121 568 7379 Darlaston leisure centre offers a wide range of activities and facilities such as: * Childrens gym * Adults gym * Swimming pool * Tanning studio * Swimming lessons * Vending area * Spectators area * steam rooms * holiday camps Darlaston leisure centre also caters for disabled people by providing disabled access, parking and disabled changing facilities. What Science is involved? Chlorine: Chlorine is the chemical that is often used to keep swimmingpools free of bacteria that can be hazardous to humans. It kills bacteria through a simple chemical reaction. The chlorine solution breaks down into different chemicals including hypochlorous acid and hypochlorite ion. Both of these kill micro organisms and bacteria by attacking the lipids in the cell walls and destroying enzymes and structures inside the cell, thus making them harmless. If not enough hypochlorous acid present the cleaning process can take much longer. After the cleaning process both chemicals either combine with another or are broken down into single atoms, this then makes the chlorine harmless. Although chlorine is good for swimming pools it may also produce side effects such as; * Itching; chlorine may have an itching effect on some skin, more likely to affect people with sensitive skin. * The smell; chlorine has a distinctive smell that some people may find sickly * Fading clothes; clothes may begin to fade if being exposed to chlorine for to long, such as your swimming costume around summertime. * Inhaling; inhaling a massive mount of chlorine may be hazardous to your breathing. Health and safety Darlaston leisure centre will also be a service provider that uses the health and safety act 1974. They will use this to ensure that all children using the facilities are safe. They may do this by: * ensuring there are ore than 2 staff watching the pools at all times * ensuring all fire exits are clearly labelled and visible * Ensuring that staff is watching children whilst in the gym children should not be in the gym as accidents may occur. Children should be out having fun. The equipment used may be too complicated for them. The age range for this gym is 8-16. * ensuring all food available is able to eat * clearly stating the rules and regulation of the centre and are always followed * making sure that there are qualified first aiders available * ensure that a fire safety point is clearly situated * ensure that all fire alarms work Below are copies of the emails and letters sent to the companies in order to help me with my research? Letters: This is the letter that I used to send to all of the companies. I edited the letter in order for it to be suitable for the companies. Dear whom ever this may concern, My name is Jaymie lee Howard I am 17 years old and am currently at 6thform, I am studying applied science. At the moment we are currently doing organisations using science. I am using your company as part of my coursework and was hoping you could answer these questions for me in order to help me. I would like to ask you if you could please answer these questions for me. 1) What type of work takes place within your company? 2) What science is used to help make the products offered for service? 3) What health and safety constraints do you have? 4) Does everybody follow the health and safety act? It would really helpful if you could answer these questions for me as they are not displayed on the website.

The Pakistani Stock Market and its Analysis

The Pakistani Stock Market and its Analysis In this report we will be giving an overview of the Pakistani Stock Market with specific emphasis on the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). The history of the Stock Market will be provided, along with an analysis on the major spikes in the market and the reasons for these spikes. The major sectors contributing to the Stock Exchange Market are also highlighted in this report. Moreover, the Stock Markets role in the growth of the economy along with market indicators will also be discussed. The Last objective that we will be covering in our report would be to identify the factors which affect the performance of the Stock Market. The time frame that this report will cover will be between January 2001 and December 2009. Overview The Pakistan stock market has three major listings: Regular Days Timings: Pre- market sessions from 09:15am to 09:30am and normal trading sessions from 09:30am to 03:30pm. The Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) The Lahore Stock Exchange (LSE) The Islamabad Stock Exchange. (ISE) The ISE was incorporated as a guarantee limited Company on 25th October, 1989 and became fully operational on August 10, 1992. In 1997 ISE it introduced an automated trading system (ISECTS) and later changed it to ULTRA TRADING system in 2002. Presently ISEs turnover has reached 1 million shares per day and has 118 members.  [1]   Another stock exchange in the Pakistan stock market is the LSE, which is the first automated stock exchange of Pakistan, is also the second largest stock exchange of Pakistan. It was established in October 1970 and currently has 519 listed companies from 37 sectors of the economy. The total market capitalization is approximately Rs 2746.325 billion.  [2]   The last stock exchange in Pakistan is the KSE, which is the largest stock exchange in Pakistan and was established on September 18 1947 and was incorporated on March 10, 1949 in order to maintain the interaction between the lenders of capital such as savers and investors and borrowers of capital such as government and companies. As individuals had excess amount of cash and were looking at options to gain more money and while companies were seeking for investors who would invest in there firm to increase capital. Karachi Stock exchange provided them with a platform to allow the business to take place between them with benefits being enjoyed by both the parties. The stock exchange started with 5 companies with a paid-up capital of 37 million. Trading use to took place through the open out cry system on pits on the trading floors. The first index introduced by Karachi Stock Exchange was the KSE 50 index. In 1991 foreign investors were given the opportunity of operating in the secondary capital market and also due to the privatization policy in Pakistan the development of the Karachi Stock Exchange accelerated. The KSE 50 index was removed as it was not truly representing the stock markets performance as a result in 1991 the capital weighted KSE 100 index was launched. It started trading through the computerized trading system Karachi Automated Trading System (KATS) since 1997. In 2005 online trading was also introduced making it more easy to use for investors. Membership of KSE is fixed and limited to 200 members, which can include individual, corporate and foreign entities. Prospective members have to buy membership from existing members and the price is negotiable between the buyers and sellers  [3]  . The most dominant sectors in the Pakistani market are the Oil and Gas exploration and distribution companies such as OGDC, POL, PPL, and PSO. Fertilizer manufacturing firms are also important companies in the market. These would include ENGRO and FFCG. Moreover, other sectors which make up a major chunk of the stock market are telecommunications (PTCL), power generation (HUBCO) and commercial banking sector (NBP, Standard Chartered and MCB)  [4]  . KSE has a total listing of 650 companies as of 2010, with a total market capitalization of Rs 2,890 billion at the end of March 2010. At the moment the stock exchange trades on 4 indices of which two are world known indices which are KSE 100, KSE All Share Index and the other two are KMI 30 and KSE 30. KSE, being the leading stock exchange in Pakistan trades ordinary shares, preference shares, redeemable certificates and term-finance certificates such as corporate bonds, and since 2003, futures trading in some active stocks also started. KSE also wants to have wide based investor participation. This would help in dealing with them more easily and would increase the efficiency of the stock exchange. It wants to become a Hub for capital funds this would be done by increasing the float of existing trade companies. It also wants to introduce cross-border listing of companies and the trading of indices would also take place through cross-border listing. Market Indicators: There are three indicators that show how well the economy is doing presently or is going to do in the future. Investors use these indicators to make their investment decisions. These three indicators are: Leading Indicators: These indicate future events and the Stock Market is a part of this. They are assumptions into the future. The Stock Market is a leading indicator because the stock market usually begins to fall before the economy starts to fall, and the Stock Market becomes better before the economy comes out of a recession. These indicators are very important for investors because they predict what the economy is going to be like in the future and thus influence investment decisions. However they are only short term predictors of the economy. Lagging Indicators: This indicator is one that follows an event. The most important lagging indicator is unemployment. It has the ability to see if a pattern is occurring or about to occur. If the unemployment rate is increasing steadily, then this indicates that the economy is doing poorly. Coincident Indicators: This indicator occurs at approximately the same time as the conditions they denote. They change at the same time as the economy or the stock market. Personal income is a coincident indicator; high personal incomes indicate a strong economy. GDP is also a coincident indicator. Affects of KSE on the economy: One of the main goals of KSE is to reflect Pakistans economic health by providing an efficient, fair and transparent Securities Market. Therefore KSE plays a leading role in the growth and development of Pakistan. The GDP and the components which contribute to calculating the GDP show that when they are of positive value, the GDP will be good. These components will only be positive when the people are consuming and/or saving, when there are investment opportunities etc. all this reflects the KSEs functionality. If KSE is functioning in a good condition, stock trading is been done in numbers, then consumption and investment in Pakistan is increasing. Thus, we can say that it is the KSE that enhances and pushes up the activities of Pakistans economy. It is through KSE that many major companies have succeeded in traveling the long journey to success. Through this Market (KSE) businesses issue stock to raise money in order to finance expansions and also, when there is a need of additional capital in order to operate successfully. The common term for such financing is Equity Financing. How does this all affect the economy then? It is through these stock issues by businesses and companies that give investors an opportunity to invest in a moderate risk instrument. When companies will issue stock in order to expand its operation and investors will buy stock; it will automatically give a boom to the economy through creating employment opportunities in a country through which production and consumption in the economy increases. The unemployment rate for Pakistan, which is steadily declining. One factor contributing to this decline is the Stock Exchange.  [5]   The money which could have been lying idle in the saving accounts or in idle deposits with the bank is now being invested to promote business activity. It is also benefiting several economic factors such as commerce, industry and agriculture. People who used to save money because of lack of investment opportunity now are investing that money in stock markets. KSE being the highest tax payer in Pakistan contributes a large sum of money in the economy where the listed companies also contribute 10 percent of total revenue collected by the Government. Even the KSE brokers contribute about 50 percent of their profits by paying taxes on them. Lastly the investors who also pay 10 percent of their dividends as taxes. All this money goes to the government who further invests it in the economy. KSE also provides opportunities for investments to the small investors. Those investors, who either love to be an owner of the company or stay home or earn profits, get benefited by investing in Stocks. Any one whether big or small stock investor can invest in KSE. In short KSE provides the small investors to own stock of the same firms as large investors. In terms of share prices and their demand and supply all stock markets are fluctuating markets. Share prices tend to rise or remain stable when the economy is either growing or is stable. And when an economy is going through hard times like depression, recession or financial crisis the stock market tends to crash down. Through fluctuation of KSE stock prices we can say that the market plays a vital role in the growth and downfall of Pakistans economy. With the emergence of KSE, it has attracted many foreign investors who have been investing large amounts of money in Pakistans stock markets and especially Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE). This has given a boom to the economy in the early days when foreign investment was started in Pakistan. Beside the factors mentioned above there are other factors that affects the KSE and eventually the economy. A very small number of the population of Pakistan is actual participant of KSE. Trading is done by a few major investors who are the market makers. They tend to manipulate the market for their own good more then actually making it for others. This creates volatility in the market causing it to crash down at times. Other related factor is the small number of investors who invest usually by following the price trend which is decided by the market forces i.e. the supply and demand. The demand and supply eventually reflects the trading of stocks which reflects the economy of Pakistan. Recent events and incidents concerning internal security situation and political uncertainty have hurt the trading of stocks and KSE. Indirectly the economy also suffered because of this. As Pakistan is largely dependant on global economies, it suffers when countries like US and EU are going through recession phase. Stock market loses its trading activity which was being done by foreign countries. When theres less foreign investment, KSE Index tends to fall. If this goes on for long then the economy gets affected negatively. Lately many investors have shown interest in Mutual funds which is why it has become an important player in Karachi Stock Exchange. Though its true that mutual funds are the least risky investment, but when the market crashes down due to some reason, the ones who invested in mutual funds face losses. This is because when some variables like recession, political or economic situation of the country, war, inflation etc. affect the market, they also affect the entire range of stocks. The type which is traded in stock market is closed-end Mutual Funds, price of which is determined by the demand and supply of the shares. This is the reason why the investors suffer losses when market crashes down. Analysis: In 2001, the KSE index had grown to 1770 points after its introduction with a base of 1000 points in 1991.  [6]  On September 11, 2001 when two planes crashed into the world trade center in New York, there was a slight effect on the Pakistani market, even though it was not very pronounced the stock market still remained closed for 3 days and opened with the introduction of new circuit breakers to check volatility. The index fell from 1255.99 points to 1208.3 points, and continued falling for a few days as an aftermath of the event. In October 2001, KSE reported a 33% increase in its index for the month owing to a resolve in the Crescent Investment bank overexposure and also positive financial indicators for Pakistan such as a debt write off and a reduction in interest rates. The market again fell from May 18 to 20, 2002 when there was a tension in the Pakistan-India border, resulting in a loss of 252 points in the index. Moreover the short comings of the COT system which promoted overtrading by investors as well as sudden withdrawal of funds from COT financiers contributed to the sudden loss in the index. In 2002, KSE experienced phenomenal growth in the market (an increase of 92%) because of the effective macro economic policies that the government implemented. KSE got the title of The best performing market amongst the leading stock markets of the world as Pakistan and Srilanka were the only two countries in Asia to not report a loss in that year. The bullish economy was present because of a number of reasons which include an increase in interest of foreign investors in the market. The start of 2003 however was bearish because of the Iraq crisis which bought uncertainty in the market. Moreover high leverage and over bought positions in the carry over market by speculators increased uncertainty. Because of speculation, those who had bought the stocks through borrowings, started panic selling them to make a large profit and which resulted in a sharp fall in the KSE index. However when the uncertainty of the Iraq war crisis reduced, the market recovered significantly along with anticipations of favorable future relations with India. Moreover, the announcement of the budget and the successful visit of the Pakistani president to the USA boosted investors confidence, and 2003 ended with the KSE all time high index of 3402 points. The 2003 boom continued till the mid of 2004 and resulted in an index of 5620.7 on 16th April 2004. Moreover a record turnover of a billion shares was also seen on this day. During the year KSE continued to perform well and has succeeded in doing so because of various reasons such as the continuation of sound macro economic policies by the government. By 2005, due to a period of robust growth the index had skyrocketed to 9,989 points. After hitting a peak at an approx of 10303 points, in March 2005, we see the Karachi 100 index of the Karachi stock exchange falling back into instability till the end of May 2005 (30/may/2005 @ 6707.56 which was the 2005 market crash). On 8th October 2005, Northern parts of Pakistan were hit by an earthquake which devastated the country and led to the stock market declining sharply. However some sectors actually increased trading such as cement, food, and banking sectors because investors believed in a positive future outlook. We analyzed that there were two kinds of responses that investors give out whenever the economy of Pakistan hits a political or law and order crisis either there is a marked indifference or there is a marked difference. According to Bloombergs researchers, the KSE is affected positively when the investors, both local and foreign take an action when they believe that the country holds promise. The index takes a negative turn when investors pull out from the market, or when there is more supply and less demand, as the economy or one major player as a whole takes a downturn. In 2006, rising gold prices made the investors transfer their money from stock to gold which was just one of the factors why the KSE reached from 12000 points only to sink to 9600 points. Foreign buying interest had been very active on the KSE in 2006 and continued in 2007. The KSE underwent through a fall in 2008 mostly because of the global financial crisis and partly due to the domestic situation in the country. The index plunged in 31 December 2008 to 5685.01 from the record of 15,676.34 on April 18, 2008. The once thriving KSE-100 index of over 15676 points now went at a record low around 9,187 on 21 November 2008 where the KSE put a floor price for stocks to keep it from plunging down. The index froze to 9187.1 points till 14 December 2008. After resuming trading however the index only managed to further slope down from 15 December 2008 onwards. It only stopped going down after it hit a new low at 4815.34 points on 27 January 2009 and from then gradually started to recover throughout the entire 2009. As said, the fall of stock market fall of 2008 contributed to a few things. First the domestic troubles caused by regime change lack of political stability in Pakistan, convinced a lot of people that Pakistan was not much of a land of opportunity. Then with the global crisis, Pakistan too was affected. The credit default swap rose causing Standard Poors and Moodys to lower its ratings to a negative for Pakistan and putting altogether more pressure on the Pakistani Currency. And with foreign reserves falling by more than 60 percent, investors both local and foreign thus started to believe that the country which was under so much debt will soon if not immediately will start to default. The countrys CPI too spiked high, and though the State Bank of Pakistan tried its best to enforce a tighter monetary policy, it still failed. Eventually all these factors caused increasing inflation and current account deficit. High inflation and high interest rates for the major players meant cutting down cost, most companies then suspended their growth plans till the economy stabilized. But this also meant unemployment. For investors, spending cost increased and saving and investment cost decreased. Foreign investors seemed alarmed and took Pakistans weak economy not very attractive.  [7]   Factors Affecting KSE: Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) is affected by number of factors directly or indirectly. Some of the major factors are: Interest Rates Inflation Monetary policy Foreign Direct Investments Law and order Interest Rates The cost of borrowing money, and they have a huge impact on KSE especially short-term interest rate; the Stock Exchange is basically a place where an individual can invest his/her money to gain profit by taking a risk. On the other hand depositing in bank also has its advantages, such as getting a fixed return on the money that is deposited through the interest rates, and has its negatives such as low interest rates. An investor wants a high interest rate on his deposits for the money that he deposited initially as compared to a low return through a low interest rate. Thus when the interest rates decrease, investors find investing in stock exchange more attractive than keeping their money as deposits in bank and earning very a very low return on the amount they deposited. However when interest rates increase; potential investors would find depositing their money in banks more beneficial, and not invest in the KSE, thus creating fluctuations in the market equilibrium constantly. Moreo ver, to find out the value of future dividends, investors must discount them and find out their present value and what they are worth at this point in time. A high interest rate would make the future dividend values less valuable in todays Rupees; and would decrease the value of the stock. Inflation Rate Inflation is one of the biggest threats to the economy, and is increasing steadily in Pakistan, being 9% in 2005, 7.9% in 2006 and reaching as high as 25% in 2008 after the increase in global petrol prices. When inflation occurs individuals are more concerned with spending rather than saving, and thus would not use the money to invest in KSE. Net earnings of the company determine the price on the stock market. When it is speculated that the company will have high earnings then the stock prices of the company would increase. When it is estimated that the company is not going to perform up to par, then its stock prices fall. The prices of the stocks are directly proportional to the earnings of the company. Thus an increase in inflation will cause the revenue of the country to fall, and thus affect the stock prices negatively. A decrease in inflation would cause the opposite shift. Monetary policy: The monetary policy of a country is used to achieve the objectives of the government by adjusting the amount of money being circulated in the economy through OMOs, the discount rate, or through the reserve requirement. Unanticipated changes in the monetary policy increases the risk premium on stocks for a certain period. This either increases the riskiness of stocks; it reduces the willingness of investors to hold risky stocks, or both. When the monetary policy is tightened (the money supply is reduced in the economy) it causes investors to see stocks as being more risky and thus they demand a greater return on their investment for investing in the stock market, and eventually it drives down stock prices. A tight monetary policy reduces the financial buffers of an investor and increases the exposure of investors to future shocks in the market. The affect of monetary policy only affects the stock market to a certain extent. Foreign Direct Investments Stock market liberalization is when the countrys government decides to allow foreigners to purchase stocks on that countrys stock exchange. In Pakistan, the stock market was liberalized in February 1991, which attracted foreign investors, and foreign direct investment and indirect investment started which had a positive impact on the stock market as well as the Pakistani economy. When more investors entered, the risk premium on stocks fell, and because of the increase in the demand competition of the stock market, stock prices rose. As the foreign currency inflows increased, there was an increase in supply which caused the Pakistani rupee to appreciate. This increased the prices of the shares and improved the foreign exchange reserves. Stock liberalization reduces the cost of equity capital of the country because it divides the risk between domestic and foreign investors. There is no restriction on foreign ownership of stocks except in life insurance companies. The net portfolio inve stment starting July 2009 stood at $431.93 million in Pakistan. Moreover, the amount of overseas investment in the local stock market increased to 9% in 2009. Law and order and Natural disasters: Karachi Stock Exchange is affected to a level by the law and order situation in the country, and the affect depends upon the severity of the crises. Investors invest in KSE thus a huge factor of risk is present, when you see the current situation of Pakistan, especially Karachi, where there is huge chaos when we talk about Law and order. Bomb blasts in Pakistan have a very minimal amount or no amount of affect on KSE due to the reason that this is now a routine of Karachi and Pakistan. If we see last 5 bomb blasts, it does not have any affect on KSE.  [8]  However as we can see Natural disasters do have a huge affect on KSE. According to the report regarding the earthquake in 200 the trading was bearish. This is because companys were investing more on revamping the earthquake victims rather than growing, many employees of various companies had family members, or their own homes affected and destroyed in this disaster; thus shortage of labor reduces the production of company. If the production of company is slow then it becomes dull for investor to buy shares of that company, and thus the trading on the stock market declined. Moreover, the import of earthquake relief items such as tents and plastic sheets caused an increase in the trade deficit of Pakistan. All these factors made investors less willing to invest i n the stock market. Appendix Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: Date of the bomb blast KSE 100 Index Before On the day After 28th December 2009 9,422.23 Closed (due to various holidays) 9,507.95 5th February 2010 9,769.73 Closed (due to public holiday) 9,809.98 30th April 2010 10,454.63 10,428.12 10,389.46 10th June 2010 9,678.38 9,379.78 9,471.12 7th October 2010 10,029.36 10,191.68 10,260.48 Table 4: Table 5: Table 6: Table 7: Table 8: