Postpartum Depression Essay -- Health Medicine Reseach Papers

Postpartum Depression In 2001, Andrea Yates, a Texas mother, was accused of drowning her five children, (aged seven, five, three, two, and six months) in her bathtub. The idea of a mother drowning all of her children puzzled the nation. Her attorney argued that it was Andrea Yates' untreated postpartum depression, which evolved into postpartum psychosis that caused her horrific actions (1) . He also argued that Andrea Yates suffered from postpartum depression after the birth of her fourth child, and that she attempted suicide twice for this very disorder ((1)). What is postpartum depression, and how can it cause a mother to harm her very own children, altering her behavior towards her children in a negative way? One in ten women experience postpartum depression ((2)), a condition that often goes undiagnosed, and occurs in women after childbirth. A reason for the lack of diagnosis of postpartum depression is a milder, more common form of depression after childbirth, often known as the "baby blues". Th e baby blues occur in mothers three to five days after childbirth ((2)) , and may last for as little as a couple hours to a couple weeks ((4)). These symptoms include * mild sadness * tearfulness * anxiety * irritability, often for no clear reason * fluctuating moods * increased sensitivity * fatigue ((2)) The treatment for the baby blues are frequent naps, a proper diet, and plenty of support from partners, family, and friends ((3)). Generally, the baby blues subside without any sort of serious treatment. However, the baby blues may evolve into postpartum depression. One study discovered a link between postpartum depression and the baby blues: out of the women that were diagnosed with postpartum depres... ...lso drop during childbirth, and thus may be a factor in postpartum depression ((4)). Consequently, ways to prevent another Andrea Yates from going too far is to treat postpartum depression seriously. Because the baby blues are so common, postpartum depression and psychosis are often misdiagnosed as the baby blues, or even more frequently, not diagnosed at all. Thus, postpartum depression must be taken seriously. References 1)Study Works! Online: What is Postpartum Depression? http://www.studyworksonline.com/cda/content/article/0,,NAV4-42_SAR1208,00.shtml 2)Postpartum Depression and Caring for Your Baby http://kidshealth.org/parent/pregnancy_newborn/home/ppd_baby.html 3) Postpartum Coping: the Blues and Depression http://www.mayoclinic.com/invoke.cfm?id=HQ01243 4)Frequently Asked Questions about Postpartum Depression http://www.4woman.gov/

The Future of WiMAX and its Effect on Our Lives

On the bad side, which include health concerns that come with these radiation waves, which can affect people's health. In general, what does WiMAX technology mean? This is very important to know. To explain it well, everyone has to know that WiMAX is not the same as Wi-Fi. In the past, the internet was not spread like it is now so this technology was not well-known. Nowadays, it is bigger and effective in society, because this science has become more important than before. In fact, what changed is that now people become more interested in these technologies and look for more development in this field.With development in this field, companies start to invent new technology that can be better than and challenge Wi-Fi, such as WiMAX and LTE. An example of people who might be interested in WiMAX is college students who spend a lot of time working on their projects or research. So, if the education institutions themselves start to provide this technology to their students, they can make t he learning experience much better (Tandle, 2010). This spread of technology means more range of wireless internet on-campus, so the students have a better chance to access the internet while learning.The development of WiMAX can be helpful for any group of people. WiMAX is not the only technology in the wireless field; there is also a big challenge with LTE. WiMAX technology descended from Wi-Fi, so it is not part of cellular technology. Even though WiMAX has become a challenger to LTE, LTE is still under cellular technologies. WiMAX starts with home connections and delivers a broadband connection to houses, instead of running expensive cables across long distance hey promised much better compatibility with cellphones. In addition, the LTE standard was approved in America as the first LTE network (Segan, 2012).Effect of WiMAX on our Life According to the HowStuffWorks website, WiMAX provides worldwide access, and the idea of this technology is to make the broadband internet wider t han Wi-Fi. Another way to describe it is that can access the internet not only from the hotspot near you, but also in a wide range.

Starbucks Summary

This is to recommend that Struck to increasing the power of expand the international markets especially the countries that Struck has not been launched yet in order to gain more global market share thus generate more sales. Struck also need to reduce the power of expand domestic markets since the market in the US is approaching saturation and the marketing- warming expansion techniques has caused cannibalize existing store sales.Based on my analyzes on the case Planet Struck (A), Struck Coffee remains a leader in the coffee business in the world for a long time because the perceived premium product's cachet that they are offering customer something so far superior than customers' expectations and their ubiquitous positioning strategy that providing ready access to customer foot traffic. These are the biggest strengths of Struck. Based on its existing successful del, Struck has indicated continuing increased gross operating income and operating income. See Appendix#l ) This huge succe ss offers Struck more resources to expand its international market such as capital, existing business model, successful previous experiences and expert management team. At present, it is the great time for Struck to expand its international market, since the domestic market is approaching saturation. Even the marketing-swarming expansion techniques prevented competitor entry to the rake and helped Struck built strong brand awareness and recognition, it leads to downward trend in sales per store.As an illustration, between 1 995 and 1 998, Struck had averaged $0. 69 million sales per store per year but until 2002, the sales has been decreased to $0. 559 million per store. This data reflected the domestic market has approached the saturation. However there is still an opportunity to increasing the globally market share, since in year 2002, there are total of 4574 domestic stores but the total number of international stores are only 131 2, which is only quarter of the number of domesti c stores. See Appendix #4) Therefore, expanding international markets would lead to increasing the globally market share thus generate more sales and also will help the company to achieving its objective which is establish Struck as the most recognized and respected brand in the world. Struck has a pretty strong brand image to many of its customers as a â€Å"third place† where is a place between work and home that people can escape, reflect, read, chat and listen.This niche positioning strategy has differentiated Struck from its competitors and this strategy has also become to Struck strongest competitive advantage that provided customers an atmosphere of both warmth and comfort. In conclusion, the main plan of action right now should be to focus on expanding international market instead of domestic markets. Thus the global market share will be increased if the marketing strategy is executed correctly and cooperated with right partner.

Obligations Essays

Obligations Essays Obligations Essay Obligations Essay OBLIGATIONS From latin words, obligatio/obligare to tie or to bind Juridical necessity enforceable to courts 1) CIVIL (positive) and Natural 2) REQUISITES OF OBLIGATION a) Active creditor / obligee has the right b) Passive debtor / obligor has the duty c) Prestation object / subject matter c. i) Obligation to give (Real Obligation) (c. i. l) Determinate Thing res perit domino thing perishes with the owner (c. i. l . a) Standard care diligence of a good father / if the law so provides, NEVER EXEMPTED (c. i. l . b) Deliver the thing and its fruits Delivery/Tradicion Ownership and other Real Rights are acquired and transmitted (c. i. l . b. i) Fruits of the Thing c. i. l. b. i. l. KINDS c. i. l . b. i. l . a. Natural Fruits -w/ human intervention c. i. l . b. i. l . b. Industrial Fruits cultivation or labor c. i. l . b. i. l . c. Civil Fruits Judicial relation (c. i. l . c) Obligation to deliver arises at the perfection of the contract or at the time of the fulfillment of the condition or expiration of the period. (c. i. l . d) Rights of the creditor (c. i. l . d. i) Real Right no passive subject, therefore enforceable against the world lus in re (c. . l . d. i) Personal Right enforceable against a particular person Jus in personam or Jus ad rem (c. i. l . e) ACCESSIONS additions / improvements (c. i. l. f) ACCESSORIES ornament or make the thing complete (c. i. l . g) Remedies of the Creditor (c. i. l . g. i) Compel to complete obligation (c. i. l . g. ii) Demand damages (c. i. 2) Generic thing genus nunquam perit ge neric thing never perishes (c. i. 2. a) Remedies of the creditor (c. i. 2. a. i) Compel to complete obligation, even if due to fortuitous event (c. i. 2. a. ii) Demand damages c. ii) Obligation to do (Personal Obligation [+]) (c. i. l) Remedies of the creditor (c. i. l . a) Fails to perform or perform but didnt follow what is agreed upon (contravention of the tenor of the obligation) (c. ii. l . a. i) Execute at the expense of the debtor (c. ii. l . a. ii) Demand damages (c. ii. l . b) Perform poorly (c. ii. l . b. i) Whats done be undone at the expense of the debtor (c. ii. l . b. ii) Demand damages the creditor (c. iii. l . a) What is done be undone (c. iii. l . b) Demand damages d) Efficient Cause vinculum Juris / legal or Juridical tie d. i) SOURCES (d. i. l) Law (d. i. l . a) Kinds of Law (d. . l . a. i) State Law Constitution made by the people made by the representative elected Statutes d. i. l . a. i. l. Civil Law d. i. l . a. i. l . a. Obligation and Contracts d. i. l . a. i. l . b. Sales . c. Agency d. i. l . a. i. l . d. Credit Transactions . e. Partnership d. i. l . a. i. 2. Commercial Law d. i. l . a. i. 2. a. Private Corporations d. i. l . a. i. 2. b. Negotiable Instruments Law d. i. l . a. i. 3. Criminal Law d. i. l . a. i. 4. Remedial Law d. i. l . a. i. 5. Political Law d. i. l . a. i. 6. International Law d. i. l . a. i. 7. Labor Law (d. i. l . a. i) Non-State Law d. i. l . a. ii. l. Divine Law -God d. i. l . a. ii. 2. Natural Law Individual d. i. l . a. ii. 3. Moral Law Community d. i. l . a. i. 4. Physical Law Science (d. i. l . b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. l . b. i) IGNORANTIA LEGIS NON EXCUSAT (d. i. l . b. ii) LEX PROSPICIT NON RESPICIT (d. i. l . b. iii) Obligations derived from law are not presumed (d. i. l . b. iv) Any statute violates constitution is void (d. i. 2) Contracts (d. i. 2. a) Kinds of Contracts (d. i. 2. a. i) Perfection d. i. 2. a. i. 1 . Consensual through consent d. i. 2. a. i. 2. Formal through public instrument d. i. 2. a. i. 3. Real through delivery (d. i. 2. a. ii) Independent Existence d. i. 2. a. ii. 1. Principal d. i. 2. a. ii. 2. Accessory dependent of another d. i. . a. iii. 1 . Onerous w/ consideration d. i. 2. a. iii. 2. Gratuitous (d. i. 2. a. iv) Designation d. i. 2. a. iv. 1. Nominate d. i. 2. a. iv. 1 . a. Do ut des d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. Innominate d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. a. Do ut des give that you may do BARTER give that you may give BARTER d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. b. Do ut facias d. i. 2. a. iv. 2. c. Facio ut des do that you may give d. i. 2. . iv. 2. d. Facio ut facias do that you may do (d. i. 2. a. v) Number d. i. 2. a. v. 1. Bilateral d. i. 2. a. v. 2. Unilateral (d. i. 2. a. vi) Existence of Defect d. i. 2. a. vi. 1. Perfectly Valid d. i. 2. a. vi. 2. Defective d. i. 2. a. vi. . a. Rescissible d. i. 2. a. vi. 2. b. Voidable valid until annulled d. i. 2. a. vi. 2. c. Unenforceable d. i. 2. a. vi. 3. Void (d. i. 2. b) General Principles and C oncepts (d. i. 2. b. i) Consent, Object, Cause (d. i. 2. b. ii) Perfected by mere consent (d. i. 2. b. iii) In good faith (d. i. 2. b. iv) Void: cannot produce legal effect (d. . 3) Quasi-Contracts (d. i. 3. a) Kinds (d. i. 3. a. i) Negotiorum Gestio property managed (d. i. 3. a. ii) Solutio Indebiti mistaken payment (d. i. 3. a. iii) Others d. i. 3. a. iii. 1 . Money lent d. i. 3. a. iii. 2. Funeral Expense d. i. 3. a. iii. 3. Support to an incapacitated person . i. 3. a. iii. 4. Accident d. i. 3. a. iii. 5. Property Saved d. i. 3. a. iii. 6. Failure to comply d. i. 3. a. iii. 7. Co-ownership d. i. 3. a. iii. 8. Contribution to expenses which he benefited d. i. 3. a. iii. 9. Paid taxes of another (d. i. 3. b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. 3. b. ) Consent is absent (d. i. 3. b. ii) Prevent unjust enrichments (d. i. 4) Delict / Felony / Crime / MALA (d. i. 4. a) Kinds (d. i. 4. a. i) Mala En Se Wrong by Itself (d. i. 4. a. ii) Mala Prohibita Wrong because it is prohibite d (d. i. 4. b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. 4. b. i) Act done is punishable by law as a crime d. i. 4. b. ii) Gives rise to Civil and Criminal Obligation unless Justified BY LAW (d. i. 4. b. iii) Maybe exempted from Criminal Liability but not Civil Liability (d. i. 5) Quasi-Delicts / TORTS / Culpa Aquiliana / Civil Negligence (d. i. 5. a) Kinds (d. i. 5. a. ) Single Tortfeasor only one is liable (d. i. 5. a. ii) Joint Tortfeasor more than 1 is liable (d. i. 5. b) General Principles and Concepts (d. i. 5. b. i) PROXIMATE CAUSE DOCTRINE (d. i. 5. b. ii) CONTRIBUTORY NEGLIGENCE DOCTRINE reduces liability (d. i. 5. b. iii) DOCTRINE OF LAST CLEAR CHANCE (d. i. 5. b. N) IF CONTRACT EXIST, not a quasi-deltct ) GROUNDS FOR LIABILITY TO PAY DAMAGES (about prestatton) Presumptions: Disputable, there may be rebutted by contrary evidence. Therefore, it can be proven wrong. ***conclusive no evidence to the contrary may be admitted, it cant be proven wrong 1 . Receipt of the principal w/o reservation to interest INTEREST HAS BEEN PAID 2. Receipt of installment w/o reservation to prior installments INSTALLMENTS HAS BEEN PAID INJURY wrongful, unlawful, tortuous act DAMAGES harm done; some of money can be recovered KINDS of Damages 1 . Actual or Compensatory pecuniary loss; value of loss suffered + profit unrealized 2. Moral physical suffering, mental anguish, social humiliation, etc. 3. Nominal to vindicate a right 4. Temperate or Moderate > Nominal; Exemplary or Corrective in addition to other damages a) Fraud or DOLO deliberate or intentional evasion; dishonesty; must be clearly proved; Demandable in all kinds; Negligence in bad faith; a. i) Kinds (a. i. l) Causal Fraud or Dolo Causante From the start vitiates consent therefore, voidable. (a. i. 2) Incidental Fraud or Dolo Incidente After valid contract a. ii) WAIVER (a. i. l) Past Fraud valid (a. ii. 2) Future Fraud void b) Negligence or Culpa unintentional; voluntary act of omission of diligence; recoverable in all kinds b. i) Kinds (b. i. ) Contractual Negligence or Culpa Contractual performance of contract *Master-servant Rule defense of a good father is not a defense on the part of an employer although, it may mitigate liability (b. i. 2) Civil Negligence or Culpa Aquiliania or Quasi-delict acts or omission caused damage *Master-servant Rule NOT APPLICABLE *Master-servant Rule Applicable c) Delay or Default or Mora nonfulfillment, w/ respect to time c. i) Ki nds c. i. l) Mora Solvendi by the debtor; liable if involves a determinate thing in a fortuitous event; liable for interest or damage (c. . l . a) Ex Re w/ real obligation (c. i. l . b) Ex Persona w/ personal obligation (c. i. 2) Mora Accipiendi by the creditor; bears the risk of loss, no right in the interest; consignment (c. i. 3) Compensatio Morae both parties therefore, theres no delay c. ii) Requisites (c. ii. l) Past due (c. ii. 2) Demand exist (c. ii. 3) Does not comply c. iii) When demand is no longer necessary (c. iii. l) Law so provides taxes (c. iii. 2) Expressed written in the contract (c. iii. ) Essence rent a bridal car (c. iii. 4) Useless already destroyed (c. iii. ) In reciprocal obligation d) Contravention of the tenor of the obligation did not follow what is agreed upon e) Fortuitous Event e. i) Kinds (e. i. l) As to Manner of Occurrence (e. i. l . a) Totally Unexpected unforseen (e. i. l . b) Expected forseen but cant be avoided or prevented (e. i. 2) As to its Nature (e. i. 2. a) Acts of Man human will except of the debtor (e. i. 2. b) Acts of God (Force Majeure) independent of human will e. ii) Requisites (e. ii. l) Free from any participation (e. ii. 2) Independent of debtors will (e. ii. ) Impossibility to comply (e. ii. ) Unforeseen or inevitable e. iii) Due to Fortuitous event, still liable: (e. iii. l) Law so provides (e. iii. 2) Expressed or declared or stipulated (e. iii. 3) Nature 4) Claims against Debtor a) Property possession of the debtor sell, proceeds go to creditor b) Accion subrogatoria exercise all rights, bring all action except personal b. i) All rights are transmissible EXCEPTION (b. i. l) Law prohibits general partner (b. i. 2) Parties agreed against stipulation (b. i. 3) By nature is not transmissible scholarship c) Accion Pauliana impugn the acts that was done to defraud creditors

Winston And Julia Essays - Julia, Winston, Proles, Free Essays

Winston And Julia Essays - Julia, Winston, Proles, Free Essays Winston And Julia Winston and Julia: an unlikely pair Ever since the fist time Winston laid eyes on Julia he really didnt like her all that much. What would bring two very contrary persons together? Julia is a vibrant young woman that is a member of an anti-sex league. To Winston, Julia looks like a stuck up girl with important things to do. On the other hand, Winston is a rather old man that isnt exactly the greatest looking guy in the world. Sometime into the novel Winston suspects that Julia may be following him. Winston figures that she is a spy, while she was following him he even considered killing her by taking a cobblestone and clubbing her head with it. A little later in the novel, Winston sees Julia trip and fall in the hallway, when he helps her up she slips him a piece of paper that read I love you. Winston tried to find some time to meet up with Julia. Time eventually passed and Winston began to wonder if Julia had changed her mind about what she wrote. During lunch one day Winston saw Julia sitting by herself in the middle of the cafeteria. He sat down and they began to talk secretly underneath their breath. Julia came up with an elaborate plan to meet up secretly later on. Later, Julia and Winston meet up in the Proles district. While they were together Winston found out that Julia was a lot like himself even though they appear to be completely opposite. Julia and Winston discovered that they both indulge in pleasures of the flesh and normal human pleasures, that is what brought them together.

Learn About the U.S. Presidential Oath of Office

Learn About the U.S. Presidential Oath of Office Since George Washington first said the words on April 30, 1789, as prompted by Robert Livingston Chancellor of State of New York, every President of the United States has repeated the following simple presidential oath of office as part of the inauguration ceremony: I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States. The oath is worded and administered in accordance with Article II, Section I of the U.S. Constitution, which requires that â€Å"Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:† Who May Administer the Oath? While the Constitution does not stipulate who should administer the oath to the president, this is typically done by the Chief Justice of the United States. Constitutional law experts agree that the oath could also be administered by a judge or official of the lower federal courts. For example, 30th President Calvin Coolidge was sworn in by his father, then a Justice of the Peace and notary public in Vermont. Currently, Calvin Coolidge remains the only president to be sworn in by anyone other than a judge. Between 1789 (George Washington) and 2013 (Barack Obama), the oath has been administered by 15 Associate Justices, three federal judges, two New York state judges, and one notary public. Hours after the assassination of President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, U.S. District Court Judge Sarah T. Hughes became the first woman to administer the oath when she swore in Lyndon B. Johnson onboard Air Force One in Dallas, Texas. Forms of Administering the Oath Over the years, the presidential oath has been administered in two ways. In one form now rarely used, the person administering the oath posed it in the form of a question, as in, â€Å"Do you George Washington solemnly swear or affirm that ‘you’ will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  In its modern form, the person administering the oath poses it as an affirmative statement, with the incoming president repeating it verbatim, as in, â€Å"I, Barak Obama do solemnly ‘swear’ or ‘affirm that ‘I’ will †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Use of Bibles Despite the First Amendment’s â€Å"Establishment Clause† guaranteeing the separation of church and state, incoming presidents traditionally take the oath of office while raising their right hands while placing their left hands on Bible or other books of special – often religious significance to them. John Quincy Adams held a law book, indicating his intention to base his presidency on the Constitution. President Theodore Roosevelt did not use a bible while taking the oath in 1901. After George Washington kissed the bible he held while taking the oath, most other presidents have followed suit. Dwight D. Eisenhower, however, said a prayer rather than kissing the Bible he was holding. Use of the Phrase ‘So Help Me God’ Use of â€Å"So help me God† in the presidential oath calls into question the constitutional requirement for separation of church and state. Enacted by the First U.S. Congress, the Judiciary Act of 1789 explicitly required â€Å"So help me God† to be used in the oaths of all U.S. federal judges and other officers other than the president. In addition, the words of the presidential oath - as the only oath specifically spelled out in the Constitution - do not include the phrase. While not required by law, most presidents since Franklin D. Roosevelt have added the phrase â€Å"So help me God† after reciting the official oath. Whether presidents before Roosevelt added the words is a source of debate among historians. Some say that both George Washington and Abraham Lincoln used the phrase, but other historians disagree. Much of the ‘So help me God’ debate hinges on the two manners in which the oath has been given. In the first, no longer used manner, the administrating official frames the oath as a question, as in â€Å"Do you Abraham Lincoln solemnly swear†¦,† which seems to demand an affirmative response. The current form of â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  demands a simple response of â€Å"I do† or â€Å"I swear.† In December 2008, atheist Michael Newdow, joined by 17 other people, plus 10 atheist groups, filed a lawsuit in the District Court for the District of Columbia against Chief Justice  John Roberts seeking to prevent the Chief Justice from saying â€Å"so help me God† in the inauguration of President Barack Obama. Newdow argued that the 35 words of the Constitution’s official presidential oath do not include the words. The District Court refused to issue an injunction preventing Roberts from using the phrase, and in May 2011, the U.S.  Supreme Court refused Newdows request to hear the case.   What About the Vice Presidents Oath? Under current federal law, the Vice President of the United States recites a different oath of office as follows: â€Å"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the same; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties of the office on which I am about to enter: So help me God.† While the Constitution specifies that the oath taken by the vice president and other government officials states their intention to uphold the Constitution, it does not specify the exact wording of the oath. Traditionally, the vice president’s oath has been administered by the Chief Justice on inauguration day on the floor of the Senate shortly before the president-elect is sworn in.

The Crisis of Capitalistic Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Crisis of Capitalistic Democracy - Essay Example The most evident and apparent thing about the book is Posner’s acceptance of the Keynesianism, where he expresses that although the Keynesian Economics is to be constructed upon the idea’s of Keynes, the practitioners in the field of economics has reshaped the ideas. It is also notable that the previous book he wrote is based on the failure of the capitalism, yet Posner staunchly believes in capitalistic approach and appears cautious of the free markets. Posner suggests reformation of the policies that seem rational and an interesting element. Thus, Posner concisely states in his book that the existence of market economies is the reason for the depression in the economy, therefore, the only solution to the current scenario is to let the government curb the depression with its sensible and well analyzed polices. What may be arguable here is that a person who staunchly believes in capitalism has suggested his own perspective of controlling an economy keeping in mind the b enefits that a capitalistic market offers. However, the benefits of market economy are largely ignored by Posner in the book (Ferguson, 2010). The condition unanimously requires to be dealt with, in order to curb the economic dip. But it must not be forgotten that throughout history the countries that were under the capitalistic economies switched to the Market economies; thus, it may be noted that the government has always taken advantage of the authority when given control of the economy as a whole. Therefore, I believe that the economies do not need a switch rather a change should be brought in the existent policies. In my perception, the capitalistic approach would hinder the competency levels in the market and, as a repercussion, the quality of the products and services will reduce. Therefore, if the economy is bad today it will be worse tomorrow (Ferguson, 2010). I believe that Judge Posner has tried to present a reform that is more demanding in its form and structure. He clar ifies in his book: â€Å"Campaign contributions – insulated in the name of the Constitution by a conservative Supreme Court from effective limitation – make the legislative system one of quasi-bribery. Modern communications technology and marketing techniques, along with the expense of modern elections, amplify the influence the interest groups, especially their influence in blocking change. The short electoral cycle (major federal elections every two years) truncates the government’s policy horizon† (p. 384). He apparently suggests here that our economy must re-establish Glass-Steagall in order to rebuild the financing regulatory agencies and to re-shape the Credit Rating Agencies. However, these policies are rigid in nature and are difficult to implement. Moreover, Posner has managed well to point out certain short-comings but in its wake has forgotten to realize that political norms are not stagnant and permanent. He ignores the other existent possibil ities of funding a campaign through public funds as an alternative to private funds. There are functional congressional bills that will aid in the provision of the alternative preferences such as Fair Elections Now Act (Ferguson, 2010). Nevertheless, Posner is correct in highlighting the mitigating factors that lead to the great depression. He mentions that crisis worsened after permitting Lehman Brothers to fail. This led to succeeding administrations response that